CASE STUDIES FOR ASSIGNED WEEKS

WEEK 2: 

Scenario 2: A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care.

WEEK 4

Scenario 1: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

WEEK 8

Scenario 4: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease. 

WEEK 10

Scenario 3: 67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF.

Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO₂ 95% on room air.

Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years.

HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated.

Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two finger breadths below right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B₁₂ levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal.

Scenario:  A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint…

ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and
analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient
health.
Develop a 2-page case study analysis in which you:
• Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
• Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
• Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

HOW TO WORK ON THIS ASSIGNMENT ( EXAMPLE ESSAY/ DRAFT)

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You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

· Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

· Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

· Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Scenario 2: A 42-year-old man with Swelling of his Right Calf

Scenario 2: A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care.

Scenario 3: A 34-year-old Hispanic-American male with end-stage renal disease received kidney transplant from a cadaver donor, as no one in his family was a good match. His post-operative course was uneventful, and he was discharged with the antirejection drugs Tacrolimus (Prograf), Cyclosporine (Neoral), and Imuran (Azathioprine). He did well for 3 months and had returned to his job as a policeman. Six months after his transplant, he began to gain weight, had decreased urine output, was very fatigued, and began to run temperatures up to 101˚F. He was evaluated by his nephrologist, who diagnosed acute kidney transplant rejection.

Scenario 4: A 65-year-old obese African American male patient presents to his HCP with crampy left lower quadrant pain, constipation, and fevers to 101˚ F. He has had multiple episodes like this one over the past 15 years and they always responded to bowel rest and oral antibiotics. He has refused to have the recommended colonoscopy even with his history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (diverticulitis), sedentary lifestyle, and diet lacking in fiber. His paternal grandfather died of colon cancer back in the 1950s as well. He finally underwent colonoscopy after his acute diverticulitis resolved. Colonoscopy revealed multiple polyps that were retrieved, and the pathology was positive for adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

• Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
• Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
• Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum is a type of cancer that is initiated inside the cells that are responsible for forming glands that produce mucus. This mucus is produced to aid in the lubrication of the rectum and colon. Patients who are positive for Adenocarcinoma of the colon exhibit signs and symptoms such as a change in bowel movements, loss of weight, presence of blood in the stool and a feeling of being tired all the time. The major cause of this disease is old age, genetic disorders, and lifestyle factors. People who engage in activities such as smoking, alcohol abuse, poor diet, obesity and lack of physical activity are at a higher risk of contracting the disease (Kulke et al.,2015).  Moreover, old age and being male has also been proven to be probable risk factors. The 65-year old African American patient may have presented the symptoms provided due to his old age and being male.

Mutations in the pair of genes (POLE and POLD1) have all been associated with the development of Adenocarcinoma of the colon. Most deaths relating to colon cancer have also been linked to the metastatic disease. A metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1(MACC1) gene has been isolated as the one responsible for contributing to the metastatic disease. It has a transcriptional factor that influences how the hepatocyte growth factor is expressed. These two genes are responsible for the proliferation, scattering, and invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, they are responsible for the growth of tumors (Maliha, Krittiya, Aneeqa, Wai & Scott,2017)

Colorectal cancer originates from epithelial cells lining of the rectum present in the gastrointestinal tract. This occurs as a result of mutations that occur in the Wnt signaling pathway hence increasing the signaling activity (Lin, Chang, Liou, Su, Tsao, & Huang,2018). These mutations can both be acquired or inherited. Its immunosuppression procedure involves mutation of the APC gene. This gene prevents the accumulation of β-catenin protein. In the absence of the APC, β-catenin can accumulate and move to the nucleus then activate the arrangement of proto-oncogenes. Even though these genes are crucial for stem cell renewal, they can also lead to cancer when expresses inappropriately at high levels.

References

Kulke MH, Shah MH, Benson AB rd., Bergsland E, Berlin JD, Blaszkowsky LS, et al (2015). Neuroendocrine tumors, version 1. J Natl Compr Canc Netw .2015;13:78-108.

Lin KH, Chang NJ, Liou LR, Su MS, Tsao MJ. &Huang ML. (2018). Metachronous adenocarcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon. Formos J Surg [serial online]; 51:76-80. Available from: http://www.e-fjs.org/text.asp?2018/51/2/76/231140

Maliha K, Krittiya, Aneeqa S, Wai C, & Scott K, (2017).  Early-Onset Signet-Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Colon: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports in Oncological Medicine. Volume 2017 |Article ID 2832180 | 7 pages | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2832180

Module 1 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:

• Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
• Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
• Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

By Day 7 of Week 2

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Module 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Module 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 1 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 1 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 1 Assignment

What’s Coming Up in Module 2?

Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

In Module 2, you will analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. To do this, you will analyze alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes. You will also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, which may impact physiological functioning and altered physiology.

Week 3 Knowledge Check: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders

In the Week 3 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 2. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

Next Module

To go to the next Module:

Module 2

Week 2: Altered Physiology

With a place squarely in the spotlight for patients diagnosed with all manner of disease, APRNs must demonstrate not only support and compassion, but expertise to guide patients’ understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans.

This expertise goes beyond an understanding of disease and sciences, such as cellular pathophysiology. APRNs must become experts in their patients, understanding their medical backgrounds, pertinent characteristics, and other variables that can be factors in their diagnoses and treatments.

This week, you examine alterations in the immune system and the resultant disease processes. You consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, and the impact they have on altered physiology.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Evaluate cellular processes and alterations within cellular processes
• Analyze alterations in the immune system that result in disease processes
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

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McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Note: You previously read these chapters in Week 1 and you are encouraged to review once again for this week.

Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

​Credit Line: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (2019, June 18). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/. Used with permission of Stat Pearls.
Note: This article was presented in the Week 1 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week.

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

Foundational Concepts of Cellular Pathophysiology – Week 2 (8m)

Immunity and Inflammation

Khan Academy (2010, February 24). Inflammatory response | Human anatomy and physiology  | Health & medicine [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXSuEIMrPQk  

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 14 minutes.

Soo, P. (2018, July 28). Pathophysiology Ch 10 alterations in immune function [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz0wx1-jTds   

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 37 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #1

MedCram. (2012, April 28). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wMEMhvrQxE

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #2

MedCram. (2012, April 29). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly | 2 of 8 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmEeKVTpOKI  

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

Hyponatremia

MedCram. (2017, December 23). Hyponatremia explained clearly [LK1] (remastered) – Electrolyte imbalances [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLajK5Vy55M

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 3, 7, and 8 that relate to alterations in immunity, hyponatremia, and acid/base balance.

Note: To access the online resources included with the text, you need to complete the FREE online registration that is located at https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/store?role=student

To Register to View the Content

1. Go to https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/store?role=student
2. Enter the name of the textbook, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, or ISBN 9780323654395 (name of text without the edition number) in the Search textbox.
3. Complete the registration process.

To View the Content for This Text

1. Go to https://evolve.elsevier.com/
2. Click on Student Site.
3. Type in your username and password.
4. Click on the Login button.
5. Click on the plus sign icon for Resources on the left side of the screen.
6. Click on the name of the textbook for this course.
7. Expand the menu on the left to locate all the chapters.
8. Navigate to the desired content (checklists, videos, animations, etc.).

Note: Clicking on the URLs in the APA citations for the Resources from the textbook will not link directly to the desired online content. Use the online menu to navigate to the desired content.

Rubric Detail

Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.

Description

Content

Name: NURS_6501_Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

• Grid View
• List View

		Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.		Points Range: 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.		Points Range: 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	Points Range: 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	Points Range: 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.		Points Range: 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	Points Range: 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	Points Range: 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total PoScenario 2: A 42-year-old man with Swelling of his Right CalfScenario 2: A 42-year-old man with Swelling of his Right Calfints: 100

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A 42-year-old man comes to clinic with chief complaint of pain, redness, and swelling of his right calf. He states that he had been working in his yard using a string trimmer when the trimmer slipped and cut his leg. He cleaned the wound with water from the garden hose and covered the wound with a large Band-Aid. Several days later, he developed fever to 100.6˚ F and chills and noticed that his leg was swollen and red. He comes to the emergency department for definitive care.

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

The presenting symptoms of the patient in the given case are consistent with Wound infection. (Probably Staphylococci infection)

Explanation:

Symptoms such as pain, redness, swelling and fever of 100.6 0 F are indicative of wound infection probably with Staphylococci.

Why the patient presented with the symptoms described?

· Wound due to string trimmer: Since, the client in the given case had a wound due to String trimmer which could harbor Staphylococcus aureus from soil or plant materials, it could be the source from which Staphylococcus aureus entered the wound

· Improper washing of the wound immediately: Soon after the wound, the patient washed only with water from garden hose but not with soap or antiseptic. Contaminated water or hose could have served as source of infection to the wound and improper washing could have led to survival of the organism on the wound surface

· Covering with large band-aid: Improper washing followed by covering with large band aid could have trapped the bacteria on the wound surface which progressed to wound infection. Since, Staphylococci are also present as skin flora, covering with band aid could have facilitated the growth of bacteria on the wound and resulted in infection

Thus, all the above factors could have contributed to wound infection as evident from the redness, swelling, pain, chills. Fever is due to the immune response towards the infection. This should be immediately treated with antibiotics which if otherwise can lead to complications such as Toxic Shock syndrome.

Treatment:

· Wound should be cleaned and properly dressed with care

· Antibiotics such as Pencillins or its derivatives. Vancomycin can be used in case of resistance or when the infection spreads.

Guidelines

· The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

· The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

· The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

· Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

Pathophysiology Case Study: A 76-Year-Old Female with a History of Congestive Heart Failure

The 76-year-old female patient has a significant history of congestive heart failure (CHF). She now presents with a chief complaint of weight gain, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and abdominal swelling. Management with diuretics (especially loop diuretics such as torsemide or furosemide) is one of the hallmarks of congestive heart failure treatment. This elderly patient has admitted to not taking her diuretic medication as prescribed. It is therefore plausible that the accumulation of fluid in her body is what is responsible for her symptoms. When the heart fails, it cannot effectively pump blood to the rest of the body. This causes a backflow of oxygenated blood in reverse direction from the left ventricle to the left atrium to the pulmonary vein and finally back to the lungs. The fluid then seeps into the lung interstices causing pulmonary edema and dyspnea. This pressure is transferred back to the pulmonary artery, right ventricle, right atrium, the vena cavae, and finally backwards into the venous system. The result is an extravasation of intravascular fluid into the peripheral interstices causing peripheral edema. The same fluid seeping from the venous system due to the HF pressure collects in the abdomen as ascites causing the abdominal swelling. Lastly, the collective accumulation of fluid due to the CHF and lack of effective diuresis (lack of adherence to treatment) causes the increase in weight or weight gain experienced by the patient (McCance & Huether, 2019; Hammer & McPhee, 2018; Inamdar & Inamdar, 2016).NURS 312 – Pathophysiology Mystery Case Study

For African Americans (AA), the risk of even more severe symptoms is even higher due to genetic predisposition to more serious heart disease. AA are more likely to have hypertension and to die from all-cause mortality related to heart disease (Hammer & McPhee, 2018). Lastly, the fact that this patient is elderly and experiencing normal physiological deterioration in function associated with ageing makes the symptoms more pronounced. This is because the normal physiological compensatory mechanisms are no longer as efficient as before.

References

Hammer, D.G., & McPhee, S.J. (Eds). (2018). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, 8^th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.

Inamdar, A.A., & Inamdar, A.C. (2016). Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilization. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5070062

McCance, K.L. & Huether, S.E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children, 8th ed. Mosby/Elsevier

NURS 312 – Pathophysiology Mystery Case Study

76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of…76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following*The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.*Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.*How these processes interact to affect the patient.Health ScienceScienceNursing

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Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Case Study Analysis

Assignment: Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Case Study Analysis
An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
Assignment (2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
• The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Case Study Analysis
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient
Scenario: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

READING/RESOURCES
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
• Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
• Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
• Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
• Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review

Inamdar, A. A. & Inamdar, A. C. (2016). Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilization, 5(7). doi:10.3390/jcm5070062 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Case Study Analysis

NURS 312 – Pathophysiology Mystery Case Study

You will evaluate the genetic environment and its impact on these diseases. You will also evaluate the impact of patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, on physiological functioning.

Case Study-76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hour to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.NURS 312 – Pathophysiology Mystery Case Study

References

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapters 32, 33, 35, 36.

Heart Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Utilization

Arati A. Inamdar1,2,* and Ajinkya C. Inamdar2 https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.

I’m working on a nursing discussion question and need a sample draft to help me learn.

 

Scenario 1: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Module 5: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders

What’s Happening This Module?

Module 5: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders is a 2-week module, Weeks 7 and 8 of the course. In this module, you will examine fundamental concepts of diseases and disorders that impact neurological and musculoskeletal systems. You will also evaluate the impact of patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, on physiological functioning within these systems.

What do I have to do?	When do I have to do it?
Review your Learning Resources	Days 1–7, Weeks 7 and 8
Knowledge Check: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders	Submit your Assignment by Day 7
Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis	You are encouraged to work on your Module 5 Assignment throughout the module. However, this Assignment is not due until Day 7 of Week 8.

Go to the Week’s Content

Week 7

Week 8

Week 7: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders – Part 1

Anatomists often use the analogy of a house to explain the human body, with skeletal systems, respiratory systems, and circulatory systems represented as a home’s framing structure, ventilation, and piping, respectively. Such analogies further emphasize the point that relationships between systems can result in complications when issues arise in one system.

With hundreds of diseases that can impact the brain, spine, and nerves, neurological disorders represent a complicated array of issues that present significant health concerns. Disorders such as strokes and Parkinson’s disease not only affect the nervous system, however; they can have secondary impacts in other areas, especially the musculoskeletal system.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of neurological disorders. You explore common disorders that impact these systems and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the lifespan

Learning Resources

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

• Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
• Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review
• Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review
• Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review
• Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review
• Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review
• Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument (section on Lyme Disease)

Chin, L. S. (2018). Spinal cord injuries. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview#a4

 

Required Media

Module 5 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 5 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

 

Khan Academy. (2019b). Ischemic stroke . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/stroke/v/ischemic-stroke

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 8 minutes.

 

Osmosis.org. (2019, June 12). Osteoporosis  – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUQ_tt_zJDo

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 9 minutes.

 

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 15, 16, 18, and sections of Chapters 44 and 45 that relate to the neurological and musculoskeletal systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Knowledge Check: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

• • Stroke
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Transient Ischemic Attack
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Headache
  • Seizure disorders
  • Head injury
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system
  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteopenia
  • Bursitis
  • Tendinitis
  • Gout
  • Lyme Disease
  • Spondylosis
  • Fractures
  • Parkinson’s
  • Alzheimer’s

Three basic bone-formations:

• • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 7

 

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 5 Knowledge Check

 

Next Week

 

To go to the next week:

Week 8

 

Week 8: Concepts of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders – Part 2

As homeowners know all too well, there is a continuous need for maintenance and repair. Some efforts are precautionary in nature, while others are the result of issues that surface over time.

Similarly, musculoskeletal disorders can develop over time. For some disorders, such as osteoporosis, precautionary treatments are a potential option. But much like issues that surface in a home over time, many musculoskeletal issues can be very serious concerns, and they can have a significant impact on patients’ lives.

This week, you continue to examine fundamental concepts of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. You explore common disorders that impact these systems and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

 

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze processes related to neurological and musculoskeletal disorders
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Note: The below resources were first presented in Week 7. If you have previously reviewed them, you are encouraged to read or view them again here.

 

Required Readings

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

• Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (stop at Aging and the nervous system)
• Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review
• o   Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function; pp. 504–511, pp. 516–530 (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review
• Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review
• Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review
• Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review

Chin, L. S. (2018). Spinal cord injuries. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview#a4

 

 

Required Media

Khan Academy. (2019b). Ischemic stroke. Retrieved from ttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/stroke/v/ischemic-stroke

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 8 minutes.

 

Osmosis.org. (2019, June 12). Osteoporosis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUQ_tt_zJDo

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 9 minutes.

 

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 15, 16, 18, and the sections of Chapters 44 and 45 that relate to the neurological and musculoskeletal systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

 

Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as racial and ethnic variables can play a role.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factored in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

 

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

 

Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

 

Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

 

Week 8 Case Study:

A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with a chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill-rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with the activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

• Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Day 7 of Week 8

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8.

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

 

 

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Sample Paper – Week 8 Case Study Analysis

NURS 6501 Week 8 Assignment – Case Study Analysis

Module 5 Assignment: Case Study Analysis NURS 6501 Week 8

Student’s Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

 

Module 5 Assignment

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease exhibit musculoskeletal conditions that occur because of the discrepancy between the exterior load and the human body’s ability to fight biomechanical and physiological strain. When the body experiences an excessive force, this can generate diverse pathophysiological developments which depend on the affected tissues. The role of this paper will be to highlight a case study and indicate the neurological and musculoskeletal conditions that can make the patient exhibit such symptoms. Further, the paper will highlight the racial variables that can hinder the physiological functioning of the individual. Lastly, the paper will indicate how all these factors interact to affect the patient. When individuals present musculoskeletal conditions, they exhibit different symptoms depending on how far the physiological developments have progressed.

Case Study

A 67-year-old man goes to his HCP after experiencing symptoms that point to Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms include tremors in the arms and legs. After analysis, the patient also exhibits a “pill-rolling” movement, and he also exhibits jerky or cog wheeling movement. The patient also exhibits an uneven gait, and he shuffles when he walks with his head or neck hips and knees flexed forward.

Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiological Processes

Parkinson’s disease, also known as “atypical Parkinson’s” or “Parkinson’s syndrome,” is a disorder where the patient displays some of the signs related with Parkinson’s disease include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. According to DeMaagd and Philip (2015), the disease arises because of the damage of numerous transmitters, which in most cases, is dopamine. The signs of the disease deteriorate with time because more cells become affected by the disease become lost. The disease always affects the nerve cells in the brain that are responsible for movement. The primary function of dopamine is to convey chemical messages from one nerve cell to a different one through a synapse, which is the space between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic receptor. When the dopamine-producing cells die, symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and balancing problems are exhibited in the patient.

Racial and Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning

Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects individuals of all races and ethnicity across the globe. Parkinson’s disease’s origin is thought to be multifactorial as such caused by a continuum of factors such as genetics and environmental factors. As such, Sauerbier et al. (2018) believe that sociocultural and geographical differences can impact nutrition and environmental issues between diverse societies. Therefore, it is not uncommon to have a varying prevalence of Parkinson’s disease between the different ethnicities worldwide. However, the relationship between Parkinson’s disease and race remain controversial, with studies suggesting that African-Americans are less likely to have Parkinson’s disease than their white counterparts (Dahodwala et al., 2009). A study conducted to investigate the prevalence of PD indicated that it was lower in Asian countries than in North America (Sauerbier et al., 2018). However, most studies agree that the prevalence of PD increases with age, irrespective of ethnic and geographical background.

Interaction of Processes to Affect Patient

Certainly, the Parkinson’s disease arises because of a confluence of myriad factors that can range from racial and ethnic variables to the individual’s neurological and musculoskeletal processes. In this case, all these processes such as environmental issues arising from the ethnicity of the individual and the neurological and musculoskeletal process, like damage of neural transmitters, might have interacted to make the 67-year-old-man depict symptoms of Parkinson’s disease such as slowed movement, stiffness, and pill-rolling movement.

Conclusion

The above analysis has highlighted the processes that characterize Parkinson’s disease. Further, the paper has indicated that race does not significantly influence the probability of an individual contracting the disease. However, race can affect an individual’s knowledge of the disease to diagnosis and, finally, treatment of the affected individuals.

 

References

Dahodwala, N., Siderowf, A., Xie, M., Noll, E., Stern, M., & Mandell, D. (2009). Racial differences in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 24(8), 1200-1205. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22557

DeMaagd, G., & Philip, A. (2015). Parkinson’s disease and Its Management: Part 1: Disease Entity, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 16 October 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517533/.

Sauerbier, A., Aris, A., Lim, E., Bhattacharya, K., & Chaudhuri, K. (2018). Impact of ethnicity on the natural history of Parkinson disease. Mja.com.au. Retrieved 16 October 2020, from https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/208_09/10.5694mja17.01074.pdf.

 

 

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Module 5 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Module 5 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M5Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 5 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 5 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 8

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 5 Assignment

 

What’s Coming Up in Module 6?

In Module 6, you will identify processes related to psychological disorders. You will also examine the neurobiology of various psychological issues and consider variables that may impact physiological functioning and altered physiology.

Week 9 Knowledge Check: Psychological Disorders

In the Week 9 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 6. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment.

Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role.

Photo Credit: jijomathai – stock.adobe.com

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

Assignment ( 2-3 page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Case: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

Requirements: 2-3page

week resources:

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (stop at Aging and the nervous system)

Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review

o Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function; pp. 504–511, pp. 516–530 (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review

Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review

Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review

Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review

Chin, L. S. (2018). Spinal cord injuries. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-over…

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

 

Khan Academy. (2019b). Ischemic stroke. Retrieved from ttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/stroke/v/ischemic-strokeNote: The approximate length of the media program is 8 minutes.

Osmosis.org. (2019, June 12). Osteoporosis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology [Video file]. Retrieved from Note: The approximate length of the media program is 9 minutes.

Case Study: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

In your 2 page Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

• Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.
  

  Description

   

   

  Scenario 4: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

  Assignment (1-2 Page case study analysis)

  Explain the following:

  Both the neurological and musculoskeletal Pathophysiology can processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.

  Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.

  How these processes interact to affect the patient.

  Description

   

   

  Scenario 4: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.

  Please do a 1 to 2-page case study analysis. In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

  • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
  • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
  • How these processes interact to affect the patient.Infections, and Hematologic Disorders 3

     

     

     

     

     

    Scenario 3: 67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF.

    Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO2 95% on room air.

    Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years.

    HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated.

    Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two finger breadths below right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B12 levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal.

     

    Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

    In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

     

     

    · The factors that affect fertility (STDs).

    · Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.

    · Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.

    · Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.

    · Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

     

     

     

    Only the yellow highlights shows plagiarism please rewrite it.

     

     

     

     

    Introduction

    A 67-year old female has a primary complaint of shortness of breath and presented symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, beefy like tongue, and mild numbness. Based on these symptoms, it is evident that the patient is suffering from anemia (micro and macrocytic). Anemia is defined as a decrease in the quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBC), represented by a reduction in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), or RBC count (McCance & Huether, 2019). Anemia can also be a result of less oxygen-carrying capacity.

    Evaluation

    The laboratory measures red cell indices based upon the red blood cell’s size and the amount of hemoglobin (Hb) per cell. Patient lab data shows such as hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, and serum B12 levels are low. A low reticulocyte count indicates iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, and bone marrow failure. Vitamin B12 deficiency means that this patient’s body needs B12 to make red blood cells, which carry oxygen through your body. Not having enough B12 can lead to anemia.

    The implication of this condition to the patient

    When the condition cannot be managed in time, it can cause extreme fatigue to the patient making the patient unable to perform daily tasks. Anemia can also cause heart problems by leading to a rapid and irregular heartbeat (Camaschella, 2015), leading o heart failures or an enlarged heart. To control the situation, the patient can take foods rich in iron, folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C.

    Anemia and different kinds of anemia

    MCV can determine anemia’s classification as either microcytic anemia, the MCV below the normal range, normocytic anemia with MCV within the normal range, and macrocytic anemia with MCV above the normal range.

    Microcytic anemia consists of small hypochromic RBC in a peripheral blood smear categorized by low MCV. Microcytic anemia is commonly seen in chronic iron-deficient anemia, anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and thalassemia (Stauder et. al., 2019). Microcytic cells can appear to have a larger central pallor area, especially in the setting of iron-deficient anemia and anemia of chronic disease.

    Macrocytic anemia is the average red blood cell volume that is larger than usual, which is the MCV is over 100 fL. Macrocytic anemia categorizes as megaloblastic or non megaloblastic. Megaloblastic anemia is that the red blood cells are larger than normal. It is due to acquired deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid. The deficiency can be related to inadequate dietary intake of these B vitamins or poor intestinal absorption (Stauder et. al., 2019). Non-megaloblastic anemia developed due to hepatic insufficiency, chronic alcoholism, or a rare congenital disease, Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

    Normocytic anemia is a low hemoglobin and hematocrit range and the MCV in the normal range of 80 to 100 fL. This anemia can subclassify as hemolytic and non-hemolytic. Normocytic hemolytic can occur intravascularly and extravascularly and can be due to myriad causes (Stauder et. al., 2019). Other laboratory values on the CBC will further indicate the type of anemia.

    Pernicious anemia- an inability to digest Vit B12 (Intrinsic factor), which essential in the production of red blood cells

    The factors that affect fertility(STDs)

    STD -Sexually Transmitted Disease such Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and others the bacteria may travel from vagina to fallopian tube, uterus and even ovary, that will cause scarring on the tissue that a woman hardly conceive, the example in the fallopian tube when scaring occur it is a meeting place of sperm and egg so its difficult for the sperm to swim to fertilize the egg.

    For instance, Gonorrhea does not treat immediately and left the infection untreated; it may lead to the blockage of the fallopian tubes and pelvic inflammatory disease (Coyle et al., 2016). The risk is prevalent among female genders since the symptoms take longer to show up.

    Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID

    The inflammatory markers rise due to severe complications such as ectopic pregnancy, tubal infertility, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, and also tube-ovarian abscess. Moreover, PID is linked with an increased level of inflammatory markers like CRP, CA-125, TOA, and spending a long time in health facilities (Nemeth et al., 2014).

    Female usually was unaware that she has an STD because they do not feel the symptoms right away compare to male with STD, so in some degree, the diagnosis is delayed that the bacteria or causative organism already travel to the uterus that causes inflammatory sequelae, that will result to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease one cause of infertility in women.

     

     

    Why Prostatitis infection happens and the causes of a systemic reaction

    Prostatitis happens due to bacteria that affect the prostate gland from the urinary tract and direct extension or lymphatic spread from the rectum. STD in male the symptoms may feel right away with 1 to 3 days after the contact with STD partner, with an anatomically the prostate located just base of the urethra the bacteria will travel from urethra inside the male reproductive organ prostate that will cause prostatitis if not treated might affect the testis and kidney (Nicola & Nathalie, 2017).

    Systemic causes reaction in STD the bacteria, if not treated right away, will affect other organs that are called systemic effect, like for example Pelvic Inflammatory Disease the uterus was affected, in HIV the whole body was affected as the virus lowering the immune system thus patient getting the risk of having other infection.

    Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP

    The spleen is an organ that normally stores about one-third of the body’s platelets. In people with ITP the immune system treats platelets as foreign and destroys them. The spleen is responsible for removing these damaged platelets and therefore removal of the spleen can help to keep more platelets circulating in the body.

    Conclusion

    Anemia can result from a lack of enough oxygen flow in all the body organs or reduced blood cells, and dysfunctional RBC. It is a severe condition, and they have symptoms like dizziness, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The treatment depends on the doctor’s diagnosis.

     

     

     

    References

    McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

    Camaschella, C. (2015). Iron-deficiency anemia. New England journal of medicine, 372(19), 1832-1843.

    Coyle, K., Basen-Engquist, K., Kirby, D., Parcel, G., Banspach, S., Collins, J., & Harrist, R. (2016). Safer choices: reducing teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs. Public health reports.

    Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2014). Anemia of inflammation. Hematology/Oncology Clinics, 28(4), 671-681.

    Stauder, R., Valent, P., Theurl, I. (2019). Anemia at older age: etiologies, clinical implications, and management. Hematologic Disease at oldr age. Retrieved from https://class.content.laureate.net/316c24eed8b387888f56e1a21f8217c8.pdf

    Nicola Low, & Nathalie J Broutet. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections-Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, 14(12), e1002481. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002481

  Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay

  Case study Analysis Please do the assignment within the 2-page limit asked for. Scenario Case Study week 10: 67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well-controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF. Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO2 95% on room air. Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years. HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates’ pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated. Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two fingerbreadths below the right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B12 levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal. In your 1-2 page Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following: Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (micro and macrocytic). How they may affect the patient physical ability and findings Learning Objectives Students will: Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology Learning Resources Required Readings (click to expand/reduce) McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges.Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.  PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481 Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3 Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center. Rubric Detail Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric\’s layout. Name: NURS_6501_Module7_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric Grid View List View Excellent Good Fair Poor Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain the factors that affect fertility (STDs) 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response includes an accurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span or is supported by evidence and/or research that is inappropriate. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research that is not appropriate or missing. Explain why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction. 18 (18%) – 20 (20%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 16 (16%) – 17 (17%) The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 14 (14%) – 15 (15%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 13 (13%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research. Explain why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP. 5 (5%) – 10 (10%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.  Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.Explain anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic). 5 (5%) – 10 (10%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100

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  Understanding the conditions affecting men’s and women’s wellbeing, illnesses, and hematological disorders can be essential in diagnosing and treating diseases. This significance is amplified by the acknowledgement that certain illnesses and conditions are manifested distinctly on the basis of the sex of an individual. This paper seeks to analyze the case of a 62 year old female, while focusing on the actors affecting fertility, reasons behind inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID. It also aims to explain why prostatitis and infection happens, the reasons a patient would need a Splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP, and anemia and its different kinds. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

  Factors Affecting Fertility

  In women, fertility can be affected by different elements. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the factors. A research by Turner, Parsi, and Badireddy (2020) showed that pernicious anemia may trigger secondary infertility in both women and men. The 67-year-old female risks becoming infertile as the indications she shows are indications of anemia. Aging is another source of infertility. Females over 40 years of age can have lower quality and quantity of eggs, rendering it impossible for them to conceive (McCance & Huether, 2019). The woman is 67 years old in the scenario. Therefore, she could be infertile since, she has low quality and fewer eggs in her age. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can also affect fertility. In this scenario, the patient suffers from anemia that could have been triggered by STD, like chlamydia and gonorrhea.

  Why Inflammatory Makers Rise in STD/PID

  The body normally responds to illness or injury through a process called inflammation. Inflammation makers can increase in the pelvic region when the position is injured or infected (Low & Broutet, 2017). The patient addressed in this situation is suspected to have acquired chlamydia or gonorrhea, which, in effect, also led to anemia. The amount of inflammatory markers in the pelvic region could rise with regards to gonorrhea or chlamydia infection. These inflammatory markers could include CA-125, CRP, and ESR.

  Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens

  Prostatitis is a bacterial infection affecting the prostate gland. The illness is often not associated with any signs or symptoms.   A patient suffering from prostatitis may develop prostate cancer if he is not treated. Esterichia coli, mirabilis, and proteus, are bacteria that are responsible for this condition. As per McCance and Huether (2019), prostatitis can develop when infected urine gets into the prostate gland a serious prostatitis infection can trigger a systematic reaction called sepsis. In this case, the patient is a woman and   she does not have prostate glands; hence, she cannot develop the illness.

  The Need for Splenectomy

  ITP patients have to undergo a procedure known as splenectomy in order to treat the condition. Pernicious anemia is one ITP and is brought by insufficient vitamin B-12 (Stauder, Valent, and Theurl, 2019). Those whose bodies’ have less vitamin B are affected by the disease. Individuals with pernicious anemia present indications, such as changes in temperament, unresponsiveness, tingling, and feebleness.  Individuals with this condition need Splenectomy to assist in preventing them from having to lose damaged platelets (Kessler, 2019).  The woman in the case needs splenectomy since she has pernicious anemia.

  Anemia and Types of Anemia

  Anemia arises when one has inadequate red blood cells in his or her body. There are two major categories of anemia namely micro-and macro-anemia. The presence of small sizes of red blood cells in the body is referred to as micro-anemia (Nagalia, 2019). Iron deficiency results in this type of anemia. Macrocytic anemia is brought by a condition whereby the red blood cells are bigger than usual. Alcoholism, myelodysplastic syndrome, and liver dysfunction are the factors that lead macro-anemia (Kessler, 2019). Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

  Conclusion

  Conclusively, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) do not mean the end of the world. Nevertheless, because they are illnesses, we try to do our utmost to minimize their potential to reach into our bodies, since they may have undesirable health effects.

  References

  Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

  Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

  McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3.

  Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5).

  Understanding the conditions affecting men’s and women’s wellbeing, illnesses, and hematological disorders can be essential in diagnosing and treating diseases. This significance is amplified by the acknowledgement that certain illnesses and conditions are manifested distinctly on the basis of the sex of an individual. This paper seeks to analyze the case of a 62 year old female, while focusing on the actors affecting fertility, reasons behind inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID. It also aims to explain why prostatitis and infection happens, the reasons a patient would need a Splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP, and anemia and its different kinds.

  Factors Affecting Fertility

  In women, fertility can be affected by different elements. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the factors. A research by Turner, Parsi, and Badireddy (2020) showed that pernicious anemia may trigger secondary infertility in both women and men. The 67-year-old female risks becoming infertile as the indications she shows are indications of anemia. Aging is another source of infertility. Females over 40 years of age can have lower quality and quantity of eggs, rendering it impossible for them to conceive (McCance & Huether, 2019). The woman is 67 years old in the scenario. Therefore, she could be infertile since, she has low quality and fewer eggs in her age. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can also affect fertility. In this scenario, the patient suffers from anemia that could have been triggered by STD, like chlamydia and gonorrhea.

  Why Inflammatory Makers Rise in STD/PID

  The body normally responds to illness or injury through a process called inflammation. Inflammation makers can increase in the pelvic region when the position is injured or infected (Low & Broutet, 2017). The patient addressed in this situation is suspected to have acquired chlamydia or gonorrhea, which, in effect, also led to anemia. Inflammatory makers, like CRP, CA-, 125, and ESR, could therefore increase in her pelvic area in response to chlamydia or gonorrhea infection.

  Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens

  Prostatitis is a bacterial infection affecting the prostate gland. The illness is often not associated with any signs or symptoms.   If left untreated for a long period, a prostatitis patient is at risk of developing prostate cancer. Some of the bacteria that lead to prostatitis include mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus.   As per McCance and Huether (2019), prostatitis can develop when infected urine gets into the prostate gland a serious prostatitis infection can trigger a systematic reaction called sepsis. In this case, the patient is a woman and   she does not have prostate glands; hence, she cannot develop the illness.

  The Need for Splenectomy

  Splenectomy is a procedure used in the treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). One ITP is pernicious anemia. According to Stauder, Valent, and Theurl (2019) pernicious anemia is a disorder triggered by deficiency of vitamin B-12. The disease affects those with less vitamin B12 in the system. Pernicious anemia is associated with symptoms, such as changes in personality, numbness, tingling, and weakness.  Individuals with this condition need Splenectomy to assist in preventing them from having to lose damaged platelets (Kessler, 2019).  The woman in the case needs splenectomy since she has pernicious anemia.

  Anemia and Types of Anemia

  Anemia arises when one has inadequate red blood cells in his or her body. Anemia is classified into two categories, namely micro-and macro-anemia. Microcytic anemia is a type of anemia defined by small sizes of red blood cells (Nagalia, 2019). Anemia triggered by iron deficiency is one of the anemic illnesses under micro-anemia. Macrocytic anemia is brought by a condition whereby the red blood cells are bigger than usual. The illness may be triggered by alcoholism, myelodysplastic syndrome, and liver dysfunction (Kessler, 2019). The type of anemia that the client has in this case is microanemia due to STD and iron deficiency.

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  Conclusion

  Conclusively, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) do not mean the end of the world. Nevertheless, because they are illnesses, we try to do our utmost to minimize their potential to reach into our bodies, since they may have undesirable health effects. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

  References

  Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

  Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

  McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3.

  Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5).

  Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

  According to Nagalia (2019), Anemia refers to low red blood cells or hemoglobin. The condition may be divided into different types depending on red blood cell volume. Microcytic Anemia refers to a condition whereby red blood cells are smaller than usual. In Macrocytic Anemia, the red blood cells are larger. The above classification is used as it assists in the determination of the cause of the Anemia.

  The patient, a 67-year-old female, presented with complaints of fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness, mild numbness in her feet, and unintentional weight. The patient’s medical history shows that she suffers from hypothyroidism, for which she has been taking Synthroid 100 mcg/day. Her medical history and current symptoms suggest that the patient suffers from a form of Anemia. Macrocytic Anemia may, in severe cases, cause shortness of breath, fatigue or tiredness, and sometimes pale skin. Weight loss sometimes accompanies this form of Anemia, especially if the patient also suffers from another condition such as cancer (Nagalia, 2019).

  The patient’s symptoms resulting from Macrocytic Anemia may affect their physical abilities. One such symptom is the development of restless leg syndrome, which will affect their movement. The dizziness and weakness associated with the condition will also affect their ability to carry out normal daily functions. Her pale skin could also prove to be easily bruised, thus resulting in injuries. Anemia could have other effects on a patient’s body apart from those described by the patient. If untreated, the condition could result in spoon-shaped and brittle nails as well as possible hair loss. The patient’s sense of taste could also change. Furthermore, the patient could develop arrhythmia if her condition remains untreated.

  Throughout a person’s life, Anemia could have severe consequences not only on their health but also to their economic and social development. For instance, in 2010, Anemia would account for about 68 million years of life that those suffering from it have lived in disability. This is roughly 9% of the disability burden from every condition (Visagie et al., 2019). Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay. The negative effects of this condition on development and health outcomes are a function of the impact of a decrease in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. Some effects arise from the underlying cause of the disease, which is hard to identify.

  While disorders of the blood affect both women and men with the same severity, women will often be more symptomatic (Kessler, 2019). This is because of the hemostatic challenges that accompany menstruation, pregnancies, and childbirth. The prevalence of this condition in any population study is dependent on the Hb concentration chosen as the lower limit of normal value.  With the World Health Organization (WHO) lower limit of 12.5 g/dL, about 8% of women and 4% of men have a lower value than those cited by WHO (Visagie et al., 2019).

  Because Anemia is related to poor health outcomes, its prevalence is an important indicator in public health. The prevalence of this condition varies among different races. For every age group, for instance, and both sexes, blacks have been seen to have a higher prevalence of this condition. The proportion of Hispanics with this condition is also higher than the number of whites suffering from Anemia. Black women of reproductive age have also seen more instances of Anemia than white women in the same category by about five times (Stauder et al., 2019).

  Patient characteristics are a major determinant of how disorders affect individuals. In the case of Anemia, as stated above, women are more likely to be affected by the disease. This is a function of the loss of blood at childbirth and during monthly periods. This is especially the case for women suffering from fibroids and those that experience heavy periods (McCance & Huether, 2019).  Children between ages one and two are also affected by this disease. This is due to th3e the fact that their bodies need significant levels of iron during growth spurts. During weaning, some infants may get less iron, thus placing them at risk of developing Anemia. Individuals over the age of 65, such as the patient in question, are also more likely to have diets low in iron. This risk is further increased by chronic illness (Stauder et al., 2019). Finally, people taking blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin®), and (BevyxXa®), are also at risk of getting this disease. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

  References

  Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

  McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious Anemia [LK1]. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

  Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications, and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

  Visagie, M., Pearson, K. R., Purvis, T. E., Gehrie, E. A., Resar, L. M., & Frank, S. M. (2019). Greater anemia tolerance among hospitalized females compared to males. Transfusion, 59(8), 2551-2558. Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Essay.

  Description

   

   

  67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF.

  Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO₂ 95% on room air.

  Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years.

  HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated.

  Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two finger breadths below right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B₁₂ levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal.

  Important 2 to 3 pages paper and please include reference page

  • Explain the following related to this case study: Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).
  • You do not need to address these other questions
  • The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
  • Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
  • Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
  • Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP
  • Use this textbook;
    

    McCance, K.L, Huether, S.E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. (8^th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier

    Scenario 3: 67-year-old female presents with chief complaint of shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, unintentional weight loss, and mild numbness in her feet. She states she feels unsteady when she walks. PMH includes hypothyroidism well controlled on Synthroid 100 mcg/day. No hx of HTN or CHF.

    Vital signs: Temp 98.7 F, pulse 118, Respirations 22, BP 108/64, PaO₂ 95% on room air.

    Physical exam revealed pale, anxious female appearing older than stated years.

    HEENT- pale conjunctiva of eyes and pale palate. Tongue beefy red and slightly swollen with loss of normal rugae. Turbinates pale but no swelling. Thyroid palpable but no nodules felt. No lymph nodes palpated.

    Cardiac-regular rate and rhythm with soft II/VI systolic murmur. Respiratory- lungs clear with no adventitious breath sounds. Abdomen-soft, non-tender with positive bowel sounds. Liver edge palpated two finger breadths below right costal margin. Lab data- hgb, hct, reticulocyte count, serum B₁₂ levels low, mean corpuscle volume, plasma iron, and ferritin levels high, folate, TIBC are normal.

     

    Scenario 4: A 14-year-old female is brought to the urgent care by her mother, who states that the girl has had an abnormal number of bruises and “funny looking red splotches” on her legs. These bruises were first noticed about 2 weeks ago and are not related to trauma. PMH not remarkable and she takes no medications. The mother does state the girl is recovering from a “bad case of mono” and was on bedrest at home for the past 3 weeks. The girl noticed that her gums were slightly bleeding when she brushed her teeth that morning.

    Labs at urgent care demonstrated normal hgb and hct with normal WBC differential. Platelet count of 100,000/mm3 was the only abnormal finding. The staff also noticed that the venipuncture site oozed for a few minutes after pressure was released. The doctor at urgent care referred the patient and her mother to the ED for a complete work-up of the low platelet count, including a peripheral blood smear for suspected immune thrombocytopenia purpura.

     

    Please do a 1- to 2-page case study analysis.

    In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following as it applies to the scenario you were provided (not all may apply to each scenario):

    • The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
    • Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
    • Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
    • Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
    • Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).An understanding of the factors surrounding women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders can be critically important to disease diagnosis and treatment in these areas. This importance is magnified by the fact that some diseases and disorders manifest differently based on the sex of the patient.

      Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond the human systems involved. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact..

      An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in systems based on these characteristics is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

      In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

      To prepare:

      By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.

      Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

      In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following as it applies to the scenario you were provided (not all may apply to each scenario):

      • The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
      • Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
      • Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
      • Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
      • Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

   

Day 7 of Week 10

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

• Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
• Click the Module 7 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
• Click the Module 7  Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
• Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
• If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
• Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 7 Assignment Rubric

 

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 7 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

 

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 7 Assignment

 

What’s Coming Up in Module 8?

Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

In Module 8, you will examine pediatric pathophysiology. You will identify diseases, disorders and issues relevant to the treatment of children. You will also take the Final Exam for the course.

Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics

In the Week 11 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 11. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

Week 11 Final Exam: Pediatrics

Photo Credit: Giii / iStock / Getty Images Plus / Getty Images

In the Week 11 Final Exam, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Weeks 7–11 of the course. This Final Exam will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Final Exam, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan

Next Module

To go to the next module:

Module 8

 

Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Literature, cinema, and other cultural references have long examined differences between women and men. These observations extend well beyond obvious and even inconspicuous traits to include cultural, behavioral, and biological differences that can impact pathophysiological process and, ultimately, health.

Understanding these differences in traits and their impact on pathophysiology can better equip acute care nurses to communicate to patients of both sexes. Furthermore, APRNs who are able to communicate these differences can better guide care to patients, whatever their gender.

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health disorders. You also explore common infections and hematologic disorders, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
• Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
• Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
• Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)

 

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

•  Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review
• Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
•  Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review
•  Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
•   Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review
• Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review
• Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

 

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document) 

 

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.

 

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

 

Module 7 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris 

Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 7 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

Khan Academy. (2019a). Chronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemia

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 5 minutes.

 

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 24, 26, 28, and 30 that relate to the reproductive and hematological systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

Rubric Detail

Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.

Content

Name: NURS_6501_Module7_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

• Grid View
• List View

		Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following as it relates to the case you were assigned (omit section that does not pertain to your case, faculty will give full points for that section):  Explain the factors that affect fertility (STDs)		Points Range: 23 (23%) – 25 (25%)  The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 20 (20%) – 22 (22%)  The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 18 (18%) – 19 (19%)  The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%)  The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include explanations of the processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID		Points Range: 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)  The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)  The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research.
Explain why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.		Points Range: 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)  The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)  The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research.
Explain why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 10 (10%)  The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)  The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Explain anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 10 (10%)  The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)  The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations are based on inappropriate evidence/research.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)  The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:  Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)  Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)  Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)  Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%-79% of the time. The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)  Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:  Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)  Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)  Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)  Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)  Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.		Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)  Uses correct APA format with no errors.	Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)  Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.	Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)  Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.	Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)  Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100

Name: NURS_6501_Module7_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric