Prepare an 18-20-slide (not including the title and reference slides) PowerPoint presentation on the topic of murder. Explanation of the different forms of murder, including: first-degree murder, seco

Prepare an 18-20-slide (not including the title and reference slides) PowerPoint presentation on the topic of murder. Explanation of the different forms of murder, including: first-degree murder, seco
Sub m is sio n Id e: 0 8774 c2 8 -9 71 a-4 574 -b 171 -d 8a3a 9bf6 ed5 5 % SIM IL A RIT Y S C O RE 7   CIT A TIO N IT E M S 34   GRA M MAR IS SU E S 0   FE ED BAC K C O M MEN T In te rn e t S ourc e   5 % In stit u tio n   0 % Brit n ey C oole y Murd er P o w erP o in t S um mary   3735 W ord s   Murd er Brit n e y C oole y Gra nd C anyo n U niv e rs it y Ju ne 1 4, 2 0 22 In tro ductio n Murd er is a h o m ic id e t h a t c o nta in s v e ry p re cis e e le m ents u nd er t h e la w . It e nta ils t h e o ne h um an b ein g m urd erin g a no th e r p ers o n. It c a n b e d elib era te , ille gal a nd d one w it h “ m alic e a ft e rth o ug ht” A k illin g d one u nin te ntio na lly is n o t m urd er e xclu d in g t h e c a se s o f f e lo ny m urd er. A ls o , killin g d one b y la w fu l b odie s o n a n o ff end er w he n t h e y a re in a s h o ot-o ut is n o t m urd er. Eve n t h o ug h t h e la w o f m urd er d iff ers f r o m o ne s ta te t o a no th e r, m ost o f t h e m h a ve co m mon d egre es o f m urd er. Murd er h a s m any c a te gorie s lik e fi rs t-d egre e m urd er w hic h is a d elib era te k illin g , s e co nd – degre e m urd er w hic h is u np re m edit a te d b ut t h e k ille r in te nd ed t o c a use f a ta l b odily h a rm and f e lo ny m urd er w hic h h a ppens w he n k illin g h a ppens in t h e p ro ce ss o f c o m mis sio nin g dang ero us f e lo ny. Als o , t h e p re cis e p ena lt y f o r m urd er v a rie s f r o m o ne c o untr y t o a no th e r, a lt h o ug h it no rm ally g ets a n im pris o nm ent s e nte nce f o r m any y e ars in a ll t h e s ta te s. G ene ra lly , punis h m ent r a ng es f r o m d eca des t o lif e in p ris o n w he re p aro le m ay o r m ay n o t b e off ere d. T he p unis h m ent f o r s e co nd d egre e is u su a lly le sse r c o m pare d t o fi rs t d egre e. Som e s ta te s p ena liz e s e rio us fi rs t-d egre e m urd er b y is su in g o ut d eath p ena lt y . 2 Fir s t d egre e m urd er This is t h e d elib era te m urd er o f a n in d iv id ua l b y a p ers o n w ho h a s p erfo rm ed t h e k illin g kno w in g ly , in te ntio na lly o r w it h p la nnin g . Fir s t d egre e m urd er c a n b e p re m edit a te d in te nt t o k ill o r f e lo ny m urd er. In p re m edit a te d in te nt t o k ill t h e o ff end er s h o uld h a ve s p ent s o m e t im e t o r e flect, p la n, re aso n a nd e va lu a te t h e ir d ecis io n t o k ill. Courts n o rm ally f o cu s o n p re m edit a tio n a nd s e arc h f o r e vid ence t h a t t h e d efe nd ant delib era te d a nd a ft e rw ard s f o rm ed t h e in te nt t o c o m mit m urd er b efo re t h e a ctu a l a ct. This is defe nd able b eca use t h e o ff end er m ust h a ve t h o ug ht a bout k illin g f o r a g iv e n t im e and d id n o t c h a ng e t h e ir m in d . A m urd er in w hic h t h e p erp etr a to r d elib era te d t o k ill b ut murd ers t h e in co rre ct p ers o n o r a no th e r p ers o n is t e rm ed a s a fi rs t d egre e m urd er. The t h re e f e atu re s o f fi rs t d egre e m urd er in clu d e w illin g ne ss, d elib era tio n a nd pre m edit a tio n. A ls o , t h e re a re a n um ber o f f a cto rs t h a t in d ic a te p la nnin g a nd delib era tio n. T he y a re ; la ck o f a ggra va tio n f r o m t h e t a rg et, m ove m ents a nd w ord s o f t h e perp etr a to r b efo re a nd a ft e r c o m mit tin g m urd er, a ny t h re ats f r o m t h e o ff end er b efo re and a ft e r/o r w hile c o m mit tin g m urd er, if t h e v ic tim a nd p erp etr a to r h a d a n u np le asa nt past, if t h e re w as a f u rth e r f a ta l h it a ft e r t h e t a rg et w as h e lp le ss, p ro of o f v io le nce , a nd th e a ppeara nce a nd n um ber o f in ju rie s 3 Seco nd d egre e m urd er This is u np la nne d k illin g o f a p ers o n o r m urd er c a use d b y d efe nd ant’s c a re le ss c o nd uct th a t s h o w s la ck o f c o nce rn f o r a p ers o n’s lif e . Seco nd d egre e m urd er r e ce iv e s m in o r p unis h m ent in c o m paris o n t o t h e fi rs t d egre e murd er. In te nt t o c a use s e rio us b odily h a rm w hic h c a n le ad t o d eath is a ls o a s e co nd d egre e murd er  in t h e p ro ce ss o f: in t h e p ro ce ss o f  Web C on te n t: http s://w ww.c rim in ald efe n se la w yer.c o m /r e so u rc e s/m urd er-a nd-h om ic id e.h tm …  Web C on te n t: http s://w ww.la w .c o rn ell.e du /w ex/fi rs t_ d egre e_m urd er …  Spellin g m is ta ke : defe n da ble  depen da ble Diff ere nt ju ris d ic tio n d efine s s e co nd d egre e m urd er d iff ere ntly . In s e co nd d egre e m urd er, th e k ille r d oes n o t p la n t o c o m mit m urd er, h o w eve r a t t h e t im e it t a ke s p la ce , t h e k ille r wit h o ut d oub t in te nd s t o k ill t h e v ic tim . F o r e xa m ple , n e ig hb ors a rg uin g o ve r lo ud n o is e and in t h e p ro ce ss o ne o f t h e m t a ke s a g un a nd s h o ots t h e o th e r. Seco nd d egre e m urd er ha ppens W he n m urd er o ccu rs a s a r e su lt o f d efe nd ant’s e xtre m e in d iff ere nce t o t h e im porta nce o f h um an lif e . E xtre m e in d iff ere nce m eans a c o m ple te d is re gard o f t h e pro babilit y t h a t a n a ctio n w ill k ill s o m eone . Ano th e r s e co nd d egre e m urd er is w he n a p erp etr a to r p la ns t o c a use s e ve re b odily h a rm to t h e v ic tim b ut is a w are t h a t t h e v ic tim c o uld d ie f r o m t h e a ct. F o r e xa m ple , a perp etr a to r s tr ik in g t h e v ic tim o n t h e h e ad u sin g a b lu nt o bje ct w it h o ut t h e in te ntio n o f killin g h im b ut a ls o k no w s t h a t a b lo w t o t h e h e ad c o uld c a use d eath 4 Aband one d h e art This is a n in te ntio na l a ct t h a t is v e ry d ang ero us a nd it s h o w s c o m ple te in d iff ere nce t o a pers o n’s lif e . In o rd er t o c o nvic t s o m eone o f a band one d h e art t h e s ta te m ust p ro ve t h e f o llo w in g ; Tha t t h e p erp etr a to r is t h e m ain c a use o f t h e v ic tim ’s d eath Tha t t h e d efe nd ant’s b eha vio r c re ate d a g re at r is k t o t h e lif e o f t h e v ic tim Tha t t h e p erp etr a to r, e ve n a w are o f s u ch h ig h r is k , a cte d w it h e xtre m e d is re gard o f lif e th re ate nin g c o nse que nce s Aband one d h e art m urd er is t h e k illin g o f a p ers o n in a w ay t h a t s h o w s a c a llo us d is re gard fo r t h e im porta nce o f h um an lif e . T he f a cts t h a t c a use t h is t o b e a ty p e o f s e co nd -d egre e murd er o r m ansla ug hte r is le ft t o t h e s ta te o r a ny o th e r t r ie r o f f a ct, w he re t h e y u su a lly base o n t h e d egre e o f r e ck le ssn e ss s h o w n. If t h e d efe nd ant’s c o nd uct s h o w s e xtre m e in d iff ere nce t o lif e , t h e n t h e m urd er c a n b e te rm ed a s a d epra ve d h e art. If t h e o ff end er’s c o nd uct is m ere ly r e ck le ssn e ss, t h e n it is mansla ug hte r. E xa m ple o f d epra ve d h e art m urd er is a m an d riv in g u nd er t h e in fl ue nce o f beer, c ig ar r a te a nd c o ca in e s u d denly h e r e ce iv e s a t e xt m essa ge a nd w it h o ut t h in kin g , he g ets t h e p ho ne a nd s ta rts r e adin g t h e m essa ge c a usin g h im t o r u n a r e d lig ht a nd bro adsid e a no th e r v e hic le t u rn in g le ft a nd in sta ntly k ills a c h ild s it tin g in a p asse ng er’s se at. H e r e ve rs e s t h e c a r le ave s t h e s c e ne o f t h e a ccid ent. 5 In te nt t o c a use g rie vo us b odily h a rm r e su lt in g t o d eath Grie vo us b odily h a rm r e su lt in g t o d eath is t h e k illin g o f a p ers o n d urin g a n a tta ck t h a t was s u p pose d t o c a use t h e m g rie vo us b odily h a rm lik e a v e ry s e ve re in ju ry t h a t le ads t o perm ane nt d is fi gurin g , t h e d am age o f a f e tu s o r a ny f a ta l b odily d is e ase s. The s e nte nce f o r s e rio us b odily h a rm w it h in te nt is s e nte nce f o r lif e in p ris o n. H ow eve r, if it g rie vo us b odily w it h o ut in te nt t h e n o ne c a n b e s e nte nce d f o r 5 y e ars in a m axim um pris o n. F o r e xa m ple , if t h e a tta ck e r s ta bbed t h e v ic tim le adin g t o d eath , e ve n if t h e atta ck e r in te nd ed t o h a rm t h e v ic tim , t h e a tta ck e r w ould s till b e lia ble f o r k illin g . Whe n t h e c rim e f a lls u nd er t h e “ c o m mit te d u nla w fu lly a nd m alic io usly ” t h e n it m eans t h a t th e v ic tim d id n o t h a ve a ny p ro te ctio n lik e f o rc e u se d f o r p re ve ntin g c rim e, s e lf- d efe nse , defe nse o f a no th e r o r d efe nse o f p ro perty . If g rie vo us b odily h a rm h a s b een p erfo rm ed w it h t h e in te nt t o c a use s e ve re in ju ry , o r wound in g w hic h la te r le ads t o d eath a nd a w eapon w as u se d, t h is m ake s t h e c rim e m ore se rio us. The re a re a lo t o f a ctio ns t h a t a re s e en a s g rie vo us b odily h a rm t h e y in clu d e; s ta bbin g so m ebody, h it tin g s o m ebody w it h a b ase ball b at a nd o th e rs . 6 Fe lo ny m urd er r u le This is a r u le t h a t a llo w s t h e p erp etr a to r t o f a ce fi rs t d egre e m urd er c h a rg e f o r t h e k illin g th a t h a ppens in t h e c o urs e o f a n e xtre m ely d ang ero us f e lo ny. The r u le o nly a pplie s t o t h e c rim es t e rm ed a s “ in he re ntly d ang ero us” The u nd erly in g p rin cip le b ehin d t h is r u le is t h a t t h e s o cie ty v ie w s s o m e c rim es t o b e v e ry dang ero us t h a t t h e s o cie ty w ant t o d is c o ura ge p eople f r o m p artic ip atin g in t h e m . The r u le s ta te s t h a t if a n in d iv id ua l e ng ages in a v e ry d ang ero us la w -b re akin g , t h a t in d iv id ua l m ay b e h e ld r e sp onsib le f o r t h e f a ta l p ena lt ie s o f t h a t w ro ng d oin g , e ve n th o ug h a d iff ere nt p ers o n c a use d t h e a ctu a l d eath . The f e lo ny m urd er r u le h a s b een e xe m pte d f r o m t h e s ta nd ard r u le s o f h o m ic id e. U su a lly , an off end er is s e nte nce d o f k illin g o nly if a p ro se cu tin g a tto rn e y s h o w s t h a t t h e o ff end er perfo rm ed w it h in te ntio n o f k illin g o r w it h a c a re le ss in d iff ere nce t o h um an lif e . H ow eve r, in t h e f e lo ny m urd er r u le , a p erp etr a to r c a n b e c o nvic te d o f m urd er e ve n t h o ug h t h e perp etr a to r d id n o t h a ve a n in te ntio n n o r c a re le ss in d iff ere nce ; t h e p ro se cu tin g a tto rn e y must o nly p ro ve t h a t t h e p erp etr a to r w as in vo lv e d in a c rim e w he re liv e s w ere lo st. A n um ber o f d iv e rs e s ta te s c la ssif y d iff ere nt c rim es a s p erm ane ntly d ang ero us, it m ay in clu d e t h e ft , r a pe, b urg la ry , a bductio n a nd a rs o n. F e lo ny m urd er c a n h a ppen in v a rio us cir c u m sta nce s, m any o f t h e m c a n b e s u rp ris in g .  ty pe o f ( o m it ): ty pe o f  Web C on te n t: http s://o pen .lib .u m n.e du /c rim in alla w /c h apte r/9 -5 -s e co n d-d egre e-m urd er/ …  Web C on te n t: http s://w ww.w kla w .c o m /t h e-f e lo n y-m urd er-r u le / …  Thre e s u cce ssiv e s e n te n ce s b egin w it …: The 7 Conce pts o f v o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r It is o ft e n k no w n a s “ h e at o f p assio n” It t a ke s p la ce w he n a n in d iv id ua l ; Is g re atly p ro vo ke d t h a t is u nd er a ny c o nte xt t h a t c o uld e qua lly p ro vo ke a n o rm al p ers o n and Com mit s m urd er in t h e h e at o f p assio n s tim ula te d b y t h e p ro vo ca tio n How eve r f o r t h e h e at o f p assio n t o b e p re se nt t h e in d iv id ua l m ust n o t h a ve eno ug h t im e to c a lm d ow n f r o m t h e p ro vo ca tio n Mansla ug hte r c o nta in s t h e k illin g o f a no th e r in d iv id ua l h o w eve r it is s e para te f r o m t h e crim e o f m urd er. A t o th e r t im es t h e lin e b etw een m ansla ug hte r a nd m urd er is n o t v e ry cle ar. M ansla ug hte r la ck s m alic e a fo re th o ug ht t h e re fo re it s h o w s t h a t it h a s f e w er m ora l bla m e t h a n t h e fi rs t a nd s e co nd d egre e m urd er. V o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r is n o t s e en a s ne it h e r fi rs t n o r s e co nd d egre e m urd er b ut a s a r e su lt o f in d iv id ua l w eakne ss. In d iv id ua ls kill in t h e h e at o f p assio n m ay h a ve k ille d w it h in te nt, b ut t h e e m otio na l c ir c u m sta nce is a ju stif y in g f a cto r t h a t d ecre ase s t h e ir m ora l lia bilit y . A g ood illu str a tio n o f v o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r in clu d es a w if e c o m in g h o m e s u d denly t o find t h e h usb and c o m mit tin g in fi delit y . T he s ig ht m ay p ro vo ke t h e w if e in to h e at o f passio n t h a t s h e k ills t h e p ara m our im media te ly , t h e ju ry o r ju d ge m ig ht t e rm t h e m urd er as v o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r. V o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r is a s e rio us c rim e, b ut it s p unis h m ent is a lit tle le ss t h a n t h a t g iv e n f o r m urd er. 8 In vo lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r This is t h e u nin te nd ed h o m ic id e f r o m ne glig ence o r c a re le ss c o nd uct. Als o , it is a ccid enta l k illin g w he n u nd erta kin g a c rim e o th e r t h a n f e lo ny. The lin e b etw een m urd er a nd m ansla ug hte r is a t it s p eak whe n it c o m es t o in vo lu nta ry mansla ug hte r. T his is s in ce a k illin g t h a t o ccu rs u nin te ntio na lly f r o m e xtre m e r e ck le ssn e ss ca n b e c a te goriz e d a s s e co nd d egre e m urd er. Le gis la tu re a nd c o urts h a ve c re ate d a w ho le b ody o f la w s d is c u ssin g in d iv id ua l le ve l o f th in kin g v a rie s b etw een u nin te ntio na l s e co nd d egre e m urd er a nd in vo lu nta ry mansla ug hte r. W ha t d ete rm in e s t h e d iff ere nce s is h o w m ora lly c h a rg eable t h e f a ct in ve stig ato r s e es t h e d efe nd ant. In vo lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r d oes n o t n e ed t h o ug ht o r pla nnin g , o r e ve n in te ntio n t h us m akin g it t h e lo w est h o m ic id e. In vo lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r t a ke s p la ce w he n a o ff end er r e ck le ssly o r n e gle ctfu lly p erfo rm an a ctio n t h a t c a use s a no th e r in d iv id ua l t o d ie . Reck le ssn e ss s h o w s t h a t t h e d efe nd ant was a w are o f t h e r is k t h e y w ere c re atin g , w he re as n e glig ence s h o w s t h a t t h e d efe nd ant as n o t a w are o f t h e r is k b ut p ra ctic a lly s h o uld b e a w are o f it . F o r e xa m ple , w he n a p olic e offi ce r m is ta ke nly d ra w s a w eapon in ste ad o f a T a se r a nd s h o otin g a v ic tim d urin g a tr a ffi c s to p. The s e co nd t y p e a ris e s f r o m a n u nin te ntio na l k illin g t h a t h a ppens w he n d oin g a mis d em eano r o r a lo w -le ve l f e lo ny t h a t d oes n o t a ctiv a te t h e f e lo ny m urd er r u le 9 Requir e d m enta l s ta te f o r m urd er Most c rim es n e ed “ M en re a ” guilt y m in d t h a t is w ha t w as t h e p erp etr a to r m enta l s ta te and w ha t d id t h e p erp etr a to r a ntic ip ate w he n t h e c rim e w as d one . Men re a e na ble s t h e ju stic e s y ste m t o d is tin g uis h b etw een a n in d iv id ua l w ho d id n o t in te nd t o g o a gain st t h e la w a nd t h e o ne w ho in te nd ed t o . The re a re d iff ere nt m enta l s ta te s lik e c a re le ss v s c rim in a l w he re c a re le ssn e ss c a use s c iv il ch a rg e o nly . B ut, s o m etim e c o m mon c a re le ssn e ss c h a ng es in to s o m eth in g m ore bla m ew orth y, a nd s o m e c rim in a l a cts h a ve r a is e d n e glig ence p rin cip le s lik e c rim in a l o r re ck le ss n e glig ence . In in te ntio na l a nd u nin te ntio na l w he re d elib era te h a rm fu l b eha vio r is u su a lly c rim in a l w hile u nin te ntio na l h a rm fu l b eha vio r h a s t w o s im ple t y p es “ m is ta ke in fa ct” a nd “ m is ta ke o f la w ” The re a re a n um ber o f c rim in a l la w s t h a t d o n o t n e ed a ny mens re a o r m enta l s ta te . It usu a lly a pplie s o n s o m e a cts t h a t w arra nt c rim in a l p unis h m ent ir re sp ectiv e o f in te nt, oft e n t h o se c o nce rn in g c h ild re n. A lo t o f c rim in a l la w s n e ed a n in d iv id ua l t o p artic ip ate in unla w fu l a ctiv it y w hile k no w in g it . Whic h s e ctio n o f t h e c rim e n e ed t o b e d one w he n a pers o n is a w are r e lie s o n t h e c rim e. Specifi c in te nt c rim es a re w ro ng doin g s w he re a n a ctio n h a s t o b e c o m ple m ente d b y a pre cis e in te ntio n t o d o it . A ls o , m otiv e s h o w s t h a t s o m eth in g w as p erfo rm ed in te ntio na lly or k no w in g ly 10 Care le ss b eha vio r Eve ry d ay c a re le ssn e ss is n o t a c rim e. H ow eve r, m ore t h a n e ve ry d ay c a re le ssn e ss c a n am ount t o mens re a . Gene ra lly , c a re le ssn e ss c a n b eco m e a c rim e w he n a n in d iv id ua l ” r e ck le ssly n e gle ct a sig nifi ca nt a nd u nju stifi able r is k ” w hic h e nd u p c a usin g d eath .  Wro n g a rtic le : a  an  Web C on te n t: http s://o pen .lib .u m n.e du /c rim in alla w /c h apte r/9 -6 -m ansla ugh te r/ …  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Spellin g m is ta ke : men s  men  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Punctu atio n e rro r, s e n te n ce lo oks …: Whic h  Spellin g m is ta ke : men s  men  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Unpa ir e d b ra ce s, b ra ck e ts , q u ota tio n m …: ”  Unpa ir e d b ra ce s, b ra ck e ts , q u ota tio n m …: ” ca re le ssn e ss o utc o m es a re o nly c iv il c h a rg e. T ho ug h, s o m etim e c o m mon c a re le ssn e ss ch a ng es in to t h in g s m ore b la m ew orth y, a nd s o m e c rim in a l a cts h a ve r a is e d n e glig ence prin cip le s lik e c rim in a l o r c a re le ssn e ss. In s o m e c a se s, la w m ake rs h a ve a gre ed a lo w er le ve l o f lia bilit y is e no ug h t o im pose c rim in a l p ena lt ie s. E sp ecia lly s o m e c rim es t h a t in vo lv e r e ck le ss o r n e glig ent, r a th e r t h a n in te ntio na l c o nd uct. Reck le ss b asic a lly d esc rib es a n o ff end er’s c o ncu rre nt c o m pre he nsio n a nd n e gle ct o f a n exte nsiv e r is k o f h a rm . A g ood illu str a tio n, is a d efe nd ant w ho h a s b een c o nvic te d pre vio usly f o r d riv in g u nd er in fl ue nce a nd u nd ers ta nd s t h a t d riv in g d ru nk c a n c a use h a rm or e ve n k ill in d iv id ua ls , b ut a ll t h e s a m e g ettin g b ehin d t h e w he el w hile d ru nk a nd ca usin g a n a ccid ent w he re p eople d ie . Neglig ence a nd r e ck le ssn e ss r e la te in c rim in a l la w . S om e c o urts b rin g o ut t h e d iff ere nce betw een t h e t w o t e rm s, s a yin g t h a t r e ck le ssn e ss r e quir e s t h e o ff end er t o t r u ly a ppre cia te th e r is k d is c u sse d w hile c rim in a l n e glig ence c o m es in to p ic tu re w he n t h e o ff end er s h o uld kno w t h e r is k . 11 Unin te ntio na l v s in te ntio na l c o nd uct In d iv id ua ls w ho d id n o t in te nd t o p artic ip ate in u nla w fu l a ctiv it y c a n b e e th ic a lly n o t guilt y ; t h is is k no w n a s d oin g “ m is ta ke o f f a ct” A p ers o n w ho g oes a gain st t h e la w f o r t h e r e aso n t h a t t h e y m is u nd ers ta nd t h e s it u a tio n la ck mens re a t h e re fo re m ust n o t b e a ccu se d o r s e nte nce d o f a w ro ng d oin g “m is ta ke o f f a ct” c a n d is p ro ve mens re a b ut “ m is ta ke o f la w ” c a nno t Mis ta ke in f a ct s h o w s t h a t e ve n t h o ug h a p ers o n’s c o nd uct fi t t h e d esc rip tio n o f a wro ng doin g in n e utr a l s e nse , t h e p ers o n w as p erfo rm in g b ase d o n m is ta ke n und ers ta nd in g . F o r e xa m ple , a n in d iv id ua l is s e llin g d ru g s t h a t c o uld c a use d eath b ut th in ks t h a t h e is s e llin g s o m e s a fe p ro ducts . A s a r e su lt , t h a t in d iv id ua l c a n la ck t h e ne eded mens re a u nd er d ru g la w , b eca use h e n e ve r in te nd ed t o s e ll ille gal d ru g s t h a t co uld k ill. Mis ta ke o f la w , w ill n o t s a ve a n in d iv id ua l f r o m c rim in a l lia bilit y . T he la w d oes t o le ra te ig no ra nce , t h e re fo re m is ta ke o f la w is if t h e in d iv id ua l k ne w t h a t h e w as s e llin g d ru g s b ut th o ug ht it w as s a fe a nd le gal t o d o s o . It m ig ht n o t m ake s e nse t h a t a p ers o n w ho m ade a mis ta ke o f f a ct g ets o ff b ut p erm it tin g ig no ra nce o f la w a s a d efe nse w ould d is c o ura ge in d iv id ua l f r o m k no w in g w ha t is r ig ht a nd w ro ng p er la w a nd w eake n t h e e ff ectiv e ne ss o f le gal s y ste m 12 Com mit tin g c rim es w it h s p ecifi c in te nt “sp ecifi c in te nt” la w o blig es t h e p ro se cu to r t o illu str a te m ore t h a n s h o w t h a t t h e o ff end er perfo rm ed t h e a ctio ns k no w in g ly . Specifi c in te nt la w n e eds t h e p ro se cu to r t o s h o w t h a t t h e o ff end er h a d a s p ecifi c g oal in min d w he n p artic ip atin g in u nla w fu l c o nd uct. In te nt u nd er t h e la w s h o w s t h a t a n in d iv id ua l in te nd ed t o p erfo rm a n a ctio n w hic h t h e n le ad t o m urd er. F o r in sta nce , a d riv e r u nd er t h e in fl ue nce m ig ht n o t m ean t o k ill o r c a use a r o ad c a rn a ge, b ut if t h e d riv e r s ta rts d riv in g , t h e n t h e in te ntio n t o d riv e w hic h t h e n le d to k illin g is t h e c o re p art o f t h e c rim e. In te nt is a g re at f e atu re s o f a h o m ic id e c h a rg e t h a t t h e s ta te m ust s h o w b eyo nd a ny re aso na ble d oub t in so a s t o s e nte nce a n in d iv id ua l. A ls o , In te ntio n is a c o m pone nt o f fe lo ny m urd er a nd h o m ic id es lik e in te ntio na l, r e ck le ss, a nd v e hic u la r h o m ic id e. T he su re ty t h a t t h e o ff end er d id n o t in te nd t o k ill d oes n o t r e m ove w it h c rim in a l lia bilit y . F o r in sta nce , in t h e c o urs e o f t h e o ff end er’s a ct o f p erfo rm in g d ang ero us f e lo ny, a n in d iv id ua l is k ille d, t h e p ro se cu to r n e eds t o p ro ve t h a t t h e o ff end er in te nd ed t o m urd er, in ste ad o f, pro vin g t h a t t h e o ff end er in te nd ed t o c o m mit a f e lo ny t h a t r e su lt e d in to m urd er b eca use th a t c a n b e c h a rg ed a s f e lo ny m urd er 13 Malic e A fo re th o ug ht This is a n e ce ssa ry m enta l h e alt h a m urd ere r m ust h a ve in o rd er t o b e f o und g uilt y o f murd er. A p ro se cu tin g a tto rn e y m ust a sc e rta in b eyo nd a ny r e aso na ble d oub t t h a t t h e p erp etr a to r acte d w it h t h is s ta te . Malic e a fo re th o ug ht h a s t w o d iv is io ns th e ; Exp re ss a nd Im plie d m alic e Exp re ss m alic e h a ppens whe n a p erp etr a to r r e ally p la nne d t o m urd er t h e t a rg et. Im plie d malic e h a ppens w he n t h e s u sp ect s h o w s a c o nsc io us d is d ain f o r h um an lif e . E vid ence o f both e xp re ss a nd m alic e is a dequa te t o c re ate a s ta te o f m in d e sse ntia l f o r m urd er. If a defe nd ant k ille d p ers o n u nla w fu lly b ut w it h o ut m alic e a ft e rth o ug ht, t h e y m ay n o t b e le gally r e sp onsib le f o r m urd er b ut lia ble f o r v o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r o r in vo lu nta ry mansla ug hte r. The re a re d iff ere nt w ays a p ro se cu to r c a n p ro ve m alic e a fo re th o ug ht, it in vo lv e s; pro vin g t h a t t h e m urd ere r t h o ug ht a bout k illin g b efo re p erfo rm in g t h e c rim e Pro vin g t h a t t h e s u sp ect t o ok c e rta in s te ps t o e na ble m urd er  Check s t h at a s …: ca re le ssn ess  Care le ssn ess  Web C on te n t: http s://w ww.n olo .c o m /le ga l-e n cy clo pedia /w hat-c rim in al-n eglig en ce .h tm l …  Spellin g m is ta ke : men s  men  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Spellin g m is ta ke : men s  men  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Spellin g m is ta ke : men s  men  Spellin g m is ta ke : re a  are a  Redu nda nt p h ra se : so a s t o  to  ‘T he’ o r ‘a ‘ b efo re a p u nctu atio n : th e; The re a re d iff ere nt s tr a te gie s t h a t a d efe nse a tto rn e y c a n u se t o d is p ro ve a fi nd in g o f malic e a fo re th o ug ht. T he y in clu d e; The s u sp ect a cte d in s e lf- d efe nse o r in t h e p ro te ctio n o f a no th e r p ers o n The d efe nd ant’s a ccid ent o r c a re le ss c o nd uct r e su lt e d in t h e m urd er The a ccu se d w as la w fu lly in sa ne a t t h e t im e o f t h e k illin g . 14 Psy ch o lo gic a l t h e orie s t h a t m ay e xp la in m urd er Und ers ta nd in g t h e orie s f o r w hy in d iv id ua ls o pt t o d o c rim e is k e y t o r e ducin g t h e m a nd th us m akin g t h e s o cie ty s a fe r. The re a re t h re e m ain p sy ch o lo gic a l t h e orie s t h e y in clu d e; Psy ch o dyn a m ic t h e ory Beha vio ra l t h e ory a nd Cognit iv e t h e ory The t h re e m ajo r t h e orie s g ot d is c o ve re d a ft e r y e ars o f s tu d y o n h o w c rim in a l m in d opera te s. T he psy ch o dyn a m ic t h e ory f o cu se s o n a n in d iv id ua l e arly c h ild ho od e nco unte rs and h o w it a ff ects t h e p ro babilit y o f b ein g in vo lv e d in a c rim e. The t h e ory c o m es f r o m t h e min d o f p sy ch o lo gis t w ho a rg ue d t h a t e ach in d iv id ua l p osse sse s in stin ctu a l d riv e s(id ) t h a t dem and g ra tifi ca tio n. A s u p ere go t h a t c o ntro ls M ora l a nd e th ic a l c o des, a nd la te r a dult s gro w a s e nsib le p ers o na lit y c a lle d e go. Beha vio ra l t h e ory c o nce ntr a te s o n in w ha t m anne r d iff ere nt d oes v ie w s o f t h e w orld aff ects b eha vio r. In a s c e na rio w he re beha vio r is le arn t a nd e nco ura ged b y o ff erin g p riz e s or r e prim and . S o, if a n in d iv id ua l s ta y w it h p eople w ho t o le ra te a nd e ve n r e w ard c rim in a l beha vio r, t h e n t h e y w ill n o t s to p d oin g it . Cognit iv e t h e ory c o nce ntr a te s o n h o w p eople v ie w t h e s o cie ty a nd h o w it g uid es t h e ir activ it ie s, t h o ug hts a nd e m otio ns. M ora l d eve lo pm ent h a s t h re e p ro ce sse s t h a t usu a lly und erg o c o ntin uo us a na ly sis a nd r e vis io n s o t h a t t h e y c a n k e ep u p w it h c u rre nt id eas 15 Psy ch o dyn a m ic t h e ory Sig m und F re ud c re ate d a n um ber o f t h e orie s w hic h f o rm ed t h e f o und atio n o f psy ch o dyn a m ic a ppro ach t o p sy ch o lo gy. Sig m und F re ud in te ra cte d p atie nts d urin g t h e ra py s e ssio ns a nd t h ro ug h t h e m h e f o und ed his t h e orie s. The b asic a ssu m ptio ns is t h a t b eha vio r g ets a ff ecte d b y u nco nsc io us m otiv e Als o , t h e y a re r o ote d f r o m c h ild ho od e xp erie nce s a nd It is d ete rm in e d. Our c o nd uct a nd f e elin g s g ets s tro ng ly in fl ue nce d b y s u b co nsc io us m otiv e w he re by t h e su b co nsc io us m in d is t h e m ain s o urc e o f h um an b eha vio r. T he s u b co nsc io us m in d in clu d es menta l a ctiv it ie s t h a t a re in a cce ssib le t o c o nsc io usn e ss. H ow eve r, Ju d gm ents , f e elin g s o r co nd uct g ets in fl ue nce d b y t h e m enta l p ro ce sse s. F e elin g s, d riv e s a nd decis io ns a re gre atly a ff ecte d b y past e xp erie nce s a nd t h e re aft e r k e pt in t h e u nco nsc io us. Psy ch o dyn a m ic t h e ory s a ys t h a t e xp erie nce s in o ur e arly y e ars h a ve a h ug e e ff ect o n o ur gro w nup liv e s, in m old in g o ur p ers o na lit y . E xp erie nce s t h a t t a ke s p la ce in e arly y e ars c a n sta y in t h e s u b co nsc io us a nd c re ate p ro ble m s a s a dult s . P e rs o na lit y is f o rm ed a s t h e driv e s g ets c h a ng ed b y v a rio us s tr u g gle s a t d iv e rs e t im es in c h ild ho od. The id is t h e b asic a nd in b orn c o nstit u e nt o f p ers o na lit y . It h a s a ll t h e in he rit e d co nstit u e nts o f p ers o na lit y e xis te nt w he n b orn , in clu d in g t h e lif e in stin ct a nd d eath in stin ct. T he e go a rb it r a te s b etw een t h e u nre alis tic ID a nd t h e e xte rn a l r e al w orld . 16 Beha vio ra l t h e ory It s ta te s t h a t a n in d iv id ua l’ s c o nd uct is d eve lo ped t h ro ug h le arn in g e xp erie nce s. The f e atu re o f t h is t h e ory is t h a t p eople a lt e r t h e ir b eha vio r in a cco rd ance t o t h e re sp onse t h a t th e t h e b eha vio r g ets f r o m o th e r in d iv id ua ls . A p ers o n c a n k e ep o n b eha vin g in a c e rta in w ay if r e w ard ed a nd w ill s to p if t h e y g et punis h m ents a nd n e gativ e r e actio ns. Beha vio ris ts v ie w d elin q ue ncie s a s le arn e d r e sp onse s t o lif e ’s c ir c u m sta nce s. In s o cia l le arn in g t h e ory , it s ta te s t h a t in d iv id ua ls a re n o t b orn w it h a n in na te c a pacit y t o b eha ve vio le ntly . T he m ost k no w n s o cia l le arn in g t h e oris t p ro pose d t h a t, v io le nce a nd a ng er a re le arn e d f r o m a p ro ce ss o f b eha vio r m odelin g . T ha t is , c h ild re n le arn v io le nce b y obse rv in g o th e r p eople . M ore ove r, a ggre ssio n is le arn e d f r o m t h re e m ain s o urc e s; f a m ily in te ra ctio ns, s o cie ta l e xp erie nce s a nd m ass m edia . Rese arc h d one o n f a m ily in te ra ctio ns s h o w s t h a t t h e c h ild re n w ho s h o w a ggre ssio n m ig ht ha ve g otte n r a is e d u p b y g ua rd ia ns a nd p are nts w ho a re v io le nt. In e nvir o nm enta l exp erie nce s; p eople w ho liv e in p la ce s t h a t a re in clin e d t o c rim e c a n d is p la y v io le nt beha vio r t h a n t h o se w ho liv e in lo w -c rim e a re as. In m ass m edia , in te lle ctu a ls h a ve advis e d t h a t t e le vis io n s h o w s, m ovie s a nd v id eo g am es t h a t p ortr a y v io le nce a re n o t su it a ble f o r c h ild re n. M ass m edia a re lia ble f o r a lo t o f v io le nce in o ur c o m munit ie s 17  Spellin g m is ta ke : Psy ch odyn am ic  Spellin g m is t…: psy ch odyn am ic  psy ch o d yn am i…  Thre e s u cce ssiv e s e n te n ce s b egin w it …: The  Pa ssiv e v oic e : beh avio r is le a rn t a nd e n c…  Spellin g m is ta ke : Psy ch odyn am ic  Spellin g m is t…: psy ch odyn am ic  psy ch o d yn am i…  Pa ssiv e v oic e : decis io n s a re g re a tly a ff e…  Redu nda nt p h ra …: pa st e xperie n c…  experie n ce s  Spellin g m is ta ke : Psy ch odyn am ic  Web C on te n t: http ://c rim in al-ju stic e .ir e se a rc h net.c o m /c rim in olo gy/t h eorie s/p sy ch olo gic a l-t h eorie s-o f-c rim e/3 / …  Tw o c o n se cu tiv e a rtic le s: th e t h e  th e Cognit iv e t h e ory In t h is t h e ory , p sy ch o lo gis ts f o cu s o n m enta l p ro ce sse s o f p eople . Cognit iv e t h e oris ts t r y t o c o m pre he nd h o w c rim in a ls s e e a nd m enta lly c h a ra cte riz e t h e world a ro und t h e m . The re a re t w o s u b d is c ip lin e s o f c o gnit iv e t h e ory t h a t is ; Mora l d eve lo pm ent a nd In fo rm atio n p ro ce ssin g In t h e m ora l d eve lo pm ent b ra nch , t h e e m pha sis is c o m pre he nd in g h o w in d iv id ua ls mora lly p ortr a y a nd r e aso n a bout t h e w orld . T he s e co nd p art is in fo rm atio n p ro ce ssin g ’ whe re in ve stig ato rs f o cu s o n h o w in d iv id ua ls g et, m ain ta in a nd r e co ve r d ata . A no th e r th e ory in c o gnit iv e c o nte xt c e nte rs o n m ora l a nd in te lle ctu a l g ro w th . P e ople t h in kin g pro ce dure is c re ate d in a n o rg aniz e d f a sh io n. T he re fo re , f r o m b ir th f o rw ard , a p ers o n w ill ke ep o n d eve lo pin g . Most c o gnit iv e t h e oris ts b re ak d ow n t h e s ta ges P e ople g o t h ro ug h o f m ora l d eve lo pm ent; The fi rs t o ne is pre -c o nve ntio na l le ve l w he re it f o cu se s o n c h ild re n a nd h o w t h e y co m pre he nd t h e e xte rn a l r e perc u ssio ns o f t h e ir a cts . Conve ntio na l le ve l f o cu se s o n t e ens a nd y o ung a dult s , w ho s ta rt t o r o ot c o nd uct o n co m munit y ’s o pin io ns a nd e xp ecta tio ns. Po st-c o nve ntio na l le ve l in vo lv e s in d iv id ua l w ho a re a bove t w enty y e ars , t h e a im is o n crit ic iz in g t h e m ora l v a lu e o f c o m munit y ’s s ta nd ard s a nd r u le s a nd h o w t h e y c o rre la te t o sta nd ard s o f lib erty , h um an s a fe ty a nd h um an r ig hts . 18 Conclu sio n The re a re v a rio us f o rm s o f m urd er w it h d iff ere nt le ve ls o f s e nte ncin g . Fir s t d egre e m urd er a nd s e co nd d egre e m urd er f a ce d iff ere nt s e nte ncin g e ve n t h o ug h th e y b oth in vo lv e o ne p ers o n t a kin g t h e lif e o f a no th e r. Als o , t h e re a re v a rio us w ays a d efe nd ant’s a tto rn e y c a n n e gate a ro und t h e la w a nd c a n ne gate a ro und t h e la w a nd p ro ve t h e d efe nd ant in no ce nt. In t h e fi rs t d egre e m urd er t h e k ille r p la ns h o w h e is g oin g t o e xe cu te m urd er. T he k ille r if fo und g uilt y c a n b e s e nte nce d f o r m any d eca des w hile s o m e s ta te s d o o ff er d eath pena lt y . In s e co nd d egre e m urd er, t h e k ille r d oes n o t k ill k no w in g ly b ut h is o r h e r ca re le ss c o nd uct c a use s t h e k illin g . T he k ille r d oes n o t h o ld r e gard f o r h um an lif e . A pers o n c a n a ls o h a ve a n in te nt t o c a use s e rio us b odily h a rm b ut e nd s u p k illin g t h e v ic tim in s e co nd d egre e m urd er. The re is a f e lo ny m urd er r u le w he re a ll t h e a cco m plic e s in a f e lo ny c a n b e a ccu se d o f murd er e ve n t h o ug h o ne o f t h e m d id it . T his r u le g ot p ut in p la ce b y t h e s o cie ty t o dis c o ura ge p eople f r o m e ng agin g in f e lo ny a cts . In v o lu nta ry m ansla ug hte r a k ille r perfo rm s t h e a ct u nd er t h e h e at o f p assio n. T he re a re r e quir e d m enta l s ta te f o r m urd er th a t a m urd ere r m ust h a ve t o b e p ro ve n g uilt y . 19 Refe re nce s Murd er in t h e fi rs t d egre e. ( 2 0 16). S cre enin g t h e N ove l. http s:/ /d oi.o rg /1 0.5 040/9 78 1474 29 1644.c h -0 06 Hord er, J. ( 2 0 18). T he m and ato ry s e nte nce a nd t h e c a se f o r s e co nd d egre e m urd er. Hom ic id e in C rim in a l L a w , 7 -2 0 . d oi:1 0.4 324 /9 78 135 101631 5-2 Gro sso , S . ( 2 0 20 ). L a ck o f s ta tu to ry f o und atio n, v a gue ne ss, a nd v io la tio n o f t h e r u le o f le nit y o f C alif o rn ia s e co nd d egre e f e lo ny m urd er. G lo bal Ju ris t, 2 0 (1 ). d oi:1 0.1 515/g j- 20 19-0 022  Spellin g m is ta ke : pre -c o n ven tio n al