Locate a scholarly article regarding police liability. Summarize the article and formulate it into an annotated bibliography, paying careful attention to proper APA formating. Format: 1.Article 2. Tit

Locate a scholarly article regarding police liability. Summarize the article and formulate it into an annotated bibliography, paying careful attention to proper APA formating. Format: 1.Article 2. Tit
Annotated Bibliography: Organizational Factors that Contribute to Police Deadly Force Liability Name Institutional Affiliation Annotated Bibliography Lee, H., & Vaughn, M. S. (2010). Organizational factors that contribute to police deadly force Liability. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 193 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.001 The journal of criminal justice is a scholarly journal that studies the justice systems and cases involving the criminal and the judicial department. The study on the effect of the organizational factors leading to police brutality found that poor organization policies and training on decision-making are the significant causes of police brutality. It further established that there had been administrative control over police brutality in the country. According to the U.S. Supreme Court case, the article pertains that the police agencies can be held civilly liable under section 1983 for using unreasonable force on civilians, failure of training, poor policies and custom, and practices that can lead to constitutional controversy. The article focused on analyzing the police civil liability cases, case by case in the U.S. Courts of Appeal and District Courts, as a method of establishing the administrative failure that has contributed to police brutality. The article focuses on the liabilities resulting from poor management. Still, rogue police officers can ignore good training, and lack of adequate supervision can make them engage in poor conduct leading to liabilities. This kind of liability is separated from the supervisor, administrator, and the agency since it is entirely a decision of the officer and not the administrators. However, according to organization breakdown and managerial disorganization theory, civil liability should rise when police officers are inadequately supervised and poorly trained. One of the cases from the Supreme Court that is used in the study is the case of Tennessee v. Garner, where the court established new standards to govern the police use of fatal force. According to Lee & Vaughn (2010), the police used the fatal force of fleeing felons, and it was allowed. The court, however, ended the practice and established that this force was unreasonable unless the officer was protecting themselves or a colleague. Under the court establishment, municipalities can be accountable for unlawful policies and failures to train their officers. By adopting proper constitutional policies, the police officers and their municipalities can decrease liability presented by section 1983. Under this section, procedures, customs, and practices that caused constitutional violations were contested in the court. Up to fifty-seven out of the eighty-six cases belong to this section could cause municipal liability. The article establishes that after section 1983, the police agencies have played a significant role in controlling the use of fatal force by the police through law enforcement pieces of training, supervision, and accountability structures.