MSN CLASS-Examples attached Create a patient-centered concept map and write a 3-5 page narrative in which you explain the process and considerations that went into creating your concept map. Introduct

MSN CLASS-Examples attached Create a patient-centered concept map and write a 3-5 page narrative in which you explain the process and considerations that went into creating your concept map. Introduct
Patient Scenario: Ana is a 67-year-old Hispanic female. Ana was diagnosed with diabetes 10 years ago. Ana reports that when she first received this diagnosis she checked her blood sugar all the time, that she “ate all sugar free food,” that she walked daily, and that she never missed a dose of her medicine. In the past few years Ana reports that she has “gotten so tired of it all,” and says “there is nothing I can do, everyone in my family has diabetes there’s no stopping it.” Due to increasing A1C, Ana was recently started on insulin and reports she really didn’t want to but “the doctor told me I had to, my blood sugars were too high.” Ana reports she is trying to check her blood sugars and take all her medicine, but has felt very busy sometimes watching several of her grandkids unexpectedly due to school closures due to COVID quarantines. Ana reports the family is not comfortable seeking childcare and prefers to “keep the kids safe with me.” She also states “I just get so busy I don’t have time to check my blood sugar. I get so overwhelmed some days I don’t even feel hungry, some days I don’t eat much.” Per review of her medical record, Ana has not attended the last two Primary Care appointments, is not returning calls, and has not been reporting blood glucose readings. Ana reports last week “I had to go to the hospital, the doctor needs to change my insulin, it’s not right.” Ana reports her husband called 911 last week because “I couldn’t answer him, he got scared and called 911.” Hospital records indicate Ana was found by EMS with confusion and low blood sugar. She was treated for hypoglycemia by EMS and taken to the hospital. She was released the same day with instructions to see her primary care doctor. The records also indicate Ana had arrived by EMS two months ago for a similar episode. Ana states “I don’t have time for all this medicine, but my family is worried about me.” Ana reports after the last 911 call and ER visit that her she, husband, and 3 kids got very scared, stating “I know I need to be more careful and do better, I know that now.” Ana is here with her husband and one of their daughters. Nursing Diagnosis 2 Ineffective health management (Ladwig et al., 2019). Nursing Diagnosis 3 Readiness for enhanced health management (Ladwig et al., 2019). Assessment Findings: Patient seeking help to better manage blood glucose levels Family supportive and concerned about patient Assessment Findings: Sometimes does not check blood glucose before insulin dosing Inconsistently taking oral diabetic medication Feeling of hopelessness in managing diabetes diagnosis Assessment Findings: Inconsistently incorporating treatment plan into ADL’s due to overwhelming and unexpected responsibilities of caring for multiple grandchildren Feeling of hopelessness in managing diabetes diagnosis Most Urgent Nursing Diagnosis Risk for unstable blood glucose levels (Ladwig et al., 2019). Ana Type 2 Diabetic Interventions: Use a communication style that is person-centered, uses strength based language and active listening to elicit patient preferences, beliefs, and assess health literacy/numeracy and barriers to care (ADAPPC, 2022a). Assess for psychsocial and social determinants of health that may compromise health (ADAPPC, 2022b) Refer for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) (ADAPPC, 2022b) Outcomes: Patient reports health care goals are realistic and achievable within next 6 months Patient reports reduced stress over next 6 months. Patient has reduced missed appointments from 2 missed in last 6 months to 0 in next 6 months. Outcomes: Patient reports health care goals are realistic and achievable within next 6 months Is registered for DSMES classes within 6 months by 8/1/2022. Depression screening is completed by Behavior Health provider at next visit with PCP (PCP visit 5/1/2022). Interventions: Promote strengths that patient has or has shown in the past to manage health Use a communication style that is person-centered, uses strength based language and active listening to elicit patient preferences, beliefs, and assess health literacy/numeracy and barriers to care (ADAPPC, 2022a). Outcomes: Episodes of hypoglycemia will be reduced from 3 times per month to 1 or less per month within the next 3 months. Reduced A1C from 9.0 to 8.0 within 6 months by 8/1/2022. (A1C goal currently 7.5 and goal may change after next PCP visit). Is registered for DSMES classes within 6 months by 8/1/2022. Depression screening is completed by Behavior Health provider at next visit with PCP (PCP visit 5/1/2022). Interventions: Address episodes of hypoglycemia at routine visits (American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee [ADAPPC], 2022d) Discuss with PCP potential for relaxing glucose targets and insulin titration (ADAPPC, 2022d) Refer for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) (ADAPPC, 2022b) Refer for depression screening (ADAPPC), 2022d) References American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)a. 4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S46–S59. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S004 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)b. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of medical are in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S60–S82. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S005 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)c. 1. Introduction: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-Sint American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)d. 13. Older Adults: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S195–S207. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S013 Ladwig, G. B., Ackley, B. J., Flynn Makic, M.B., Martinez-Kratz, M., & Zanotti, M. (2019). Mosby’s guide to nursing diagnosis (Sixth ed.). Elsevier, Inc.  6
MSN CLASS-Examples attached Create a patient-centered concept map and write a 3-5 page narrative in which you explain the process and considerations that went into creating your concept map. Introduct
Support for Patient Centered Concept Map Learner Name Capella University NURS-FPX6011 Evidence-Based Practice for Patient-Centered Care and Population Health Instructor Name Date Concept maps are a tool that can be used to develop an individualized plan of care. Evidence-based practice should support the planned interventions to meet the patient’s needs. The attached concept map was developed to plan care for a diabetic patient who has been non-compliant with her self-care regimen. Patient Needs Analysis The most important nursing diagnosis for this patient is Risk for unstable blood glucose level (Ladwig et al., 2019). The patient has reported several factors that put her at risk for this diagnosis. She has had episodes of hypoglycemia where her family has called 911 and has continued to have difficulty with blood glucose monitoring and reports not eating well. She is reporting declining interest in overall diabetes management over the past few years. The second most important nursing diagnosis is Ineffective health management (Ladwig et al., 2019). The patient has reported feeling an overall loss of interest and hopelessness in meeting glycemic goals over the past few years. Additionally, she has reported feeling overwhelmed with taking care of her grandchildren which has been intermittent and unexpected due to school closures related to COVID 19. The third diagnosis that is appropriate for Ana is Readiness for enhanced health management (Ladwig et al., 2019). Ana is seeking care and help now because she recognized her choices are not healthy for her and she is concerned as well as her family. According to the American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (ADAPPC) standards of care “Significant changes in life circumstances, often called social determinants of health, are known to considerably affect a person’s ability to self-manage their condition” (ADAPPC, 2022b). COVID has had a significant impact on individuals, families, and communities. This patient and her family have been impacted and it is contributing to the patient’s ability to effectively manage her diabetic diagnosis. According to the ADAPPC, “There are four critical times to evaluate the need for diabetes self-management education to promote skills acquisition in support of regimen implementation, medical nutrition therapy, and well-being: at diagnosis, annually and/or when not meeting treatment targets, when complicating factors develop (medical, physical, psychosocial), and when transitions in life and care occur” (2022b). This patient and family are experiencing at least two out of four of these critical times. The intervention to refer for Depression screening and Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) will begin to address some of these barriers. Communication Strategies The patient has expressed the desire to implement changes to improve diabetic goals. What providers and healthcare staff feels the patient can and should do may not be in line with what is realistic and desired for the patient. It is critical that encounters with this patient promote empowerment and reduce unintentional discouragement. According to the ADAPPC standards of care “A patient-centered communication style that uses person-centered and strength-based language and active listening; elicits patient preferences and beliefs; and assesses literacy, numeracy, and potential barriers to care should be used to optimize patient health outcomes and health-related quality of life” (2022a). Furthermore, the actual language used during encounters is also important. A task force made up of the American Association of Diabetes Educators and the American Diabetes Association representatives submitted a consensus report outlining recommendations in the use of language in diabetic care and education (Dickinson et al., 2017). The outcome from this consensus report includes five main recommendations. Language used by health care team should be 1) neutral, nonjudgmental, based on facts, 2) free from stigma, 3) strength based, respectful, inclusive and imparts hope, 4) fosters collaboration and 5) is person centered (Dickinson et al., 2017). Some specific examples include replacing terms such as “non-compliant” with fact-based language such as, “she has not taken her medication because…”, replacing “diabetic person” with Person with diabetes and “Are you diabetic?” with, “Do you have diabetes” (Dickinson et al., 2017). The patient is the matriarch of her family. The family has a close relationship with her three children, visiting multiple times per week and sharing meals at least once every weekend. The patient reports caring for her grandchildren is a stressor, however she does not want them to be cared for by someone outside the family. Generally speaking, close familial ties are common in Hispanic culture; therefore it is important to address this barrier while honoring the cultural responsibilities the patient is feeling. Areas of uncertainty include whether individualized glycemic goals are medically feasible. According to the ADAPPC standards for older adults, “Glycemic goals for some older adults might be reasonably relaxed as part of individualized care, but hyperglycemia leading to symptoms or risk of acute hyperglycemia complications should be avoided in all patients” (ADAPPC, 2022d). The patient has commented she did not want to start insulin, so an open discussion about this with the Primary Care physician could be helpful. Another area of uncertainty is the extent of how much other family members can help with the burden of childcare. The effect of COVID-19 on school systems is an ever-changing factor and the likelihood of school closures and student quarantines remains ever present. It is also uncertain how this will affect the patient’s ability to make routine appointments and diabetic education classes. There are telemedicine options available which could help overcome some barriers, but the patient’s comfort with video visits and video classes is yet to be assessed. Value and Relevance of Evidence Many resources used as the basis for the patient centered concept map are standards of care developed by the American Diabetic Association. These standards are not meant to “preclude clinical judgment and must be applied in the context of excellent clinical care, with adjustments for individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors” (ADAPPC, 2022c). The American Diabetic Association uses an evidence based grading system to categorize these practice standards with “A” being the highest level of evidence and “ E” being the lowest level of evidence ” (ADAPPC, 2022c). “Recommendations with “A” level evidence are based on large well-designed clinical trials or well-done meta-analyses. Generally, these recommendations have the best chance of improving outcomes when applied to the population for which they are appropriate. Recommendations with lower levels of evidence may be equally important but are not as well supported” (ADAPPC, 2022c). Diabetes can be difficult to manage for patient and their families, the ADA Standards for Medical Care in Diabetes have been continually improved for over 30 years and are a go to resource for health care professionals (ADAPPC, 2022c). Conclusion The patient’s individual values, beliefs, and lifestyle must be considered in order to provide individualized care. Using evidence-based practices ensures we are using the most up to date and reliable resources to guide our care. Finally, we must utilize effective communication strategies to support patient understanding and their compliance with the recommended interventions. References American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)a. 4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S46-S59. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S004 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)b. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S60–S82. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S005 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)c. 1. Introduction: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-Sint American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022)d. 13. Older adults: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement_1), S195–S207. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S013 Dickinson, J. K., Guzman, S. J., Maryniuk, M. D., O’Brian, C. A., Kadohiro, J. K., Jackson, R. A., D’Hondt, R. A., Montgomery, B., Close, K. L., & Funnell, M. M. (2017). The use of language in diabetes care and education. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1790–1799. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci17-0041 Ladwig, G. B., Ackley, B. J., Flynn Makic, M. B., Martinez-Kratz, M., & Zanotti, M. (2019). Mosby’s guide to nursing diagnosis (6th ed.). Elsevier, Inc.