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Question 1

  1. A(n) ________ occurs when ________ independent variable(s) have an effect in combination with one another.

    interaction; two or more

    interaction; two or less

    main effect; two or more

    main effect; two or less

2.5 points  

Question 2

  1. Interested
    in the effects of different kinds of instruction on videogame
    performance, Martin asks 30 college freshmen to each play an hour of
    Ratchet and Klank. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three
    instruction groups: (1) complete the tasks as quickly as possible, (2)
    conserve as much health as possible (i.e., play more carefully), or (3)
    find gold bolts (worth lots of money in equipment and ammunition). If
    Martin averages the scores for each instruction group and then compares
    them, any differences in the means of the instruction groups reflect:

    individual differences in hand-eye coordination.

    inherent differences in the ability of the college freshmen to play video games.

    within-groups variance.

    between-groups variance.

2.5 points  

Question 3

  1. Why can’t a researcher just run multiple t tests when the independent variable has more than two levels?

    As you run more statistical tests, it becomes harder and harder to reject the null hypothesis.

    As you run more statistical tests, the probability that you will make a Type I error in one of the tests increases.

    As you run more statistical tests, you lose degrees of freedom.

    As you run more statistical tests, the probability that you will make a Type III error in one of those tests increases.

2.5 points  

Question 4

  1. ________ is a term used to describe an independent variable in a study with more than one independent variable.

    Interaction

    Main effect

    Effect

    Factor

2.5 points  

Question 5

  1. (Table:
    Coping with Pain) The cells of this study reflect an interaction
    between coping style and cognitive strategy. Which statement best
    describes the interaction?

    People
    using both distraction and sensation-monitoring cognitive strategies
    were able to keep their hand in the ice water for longer than 60
    seconds, on average.

    People using a sensation-monitoring strategy were able to keep their hand in the ice water for longer.

    People using a distraction strategy were able to keep their hand in the ice water for longer.

    The
    effect of cognitive strategy depended on the coping style of the
    participant. Those with an avoiding coping style kept their hand in the
    ice water longer when using a distraction strategy, but those with a
    monitoring coping style kept their hand in the ice water longer when
    using a sensation-monitoring strategy.

2.5 points  

Question 6

  1. A five-way ANOVA has:

    five dependent variables and two independent variables.

    one dependent variable and five independent variables.

    one dependent variable and four independent variables.

    five dependent variables and five independent variables.

2.5 points  

Question 7

  1. The F ratio is calculated by:

    dividing a measure of within-groups variability by a measure of between-groups variability.

    averaging the results from the t tests for all possible two-group comparisons.

    dividing a measure of between-groups variability by a measure of within-groups variability.

    initially squaring all the scores.

2.5 points  

Question 8

  1. According to Cohen’s conventions, an R2 of 0.19 is considered to be a(n) ________ effect size.

    small

    medium

    large

    erroneous

2.5 points  

Question 9

  1. Given
    a scale dependent variable and a nominal independent variable with
    three or more levels, we could use a(n) ________ to analyze the data.

    PRE test

    z test

    t test

    ANOVA

2.5 points  

Question 10

  1. A researcher wants to statistically test whether gender affects math test scores. Which test should the researcher use?

    one-way ANOVA

    two-way ANOVA

    three-way ANOVA

    within-groups ANOVA

2.5 points  

Question 11

  1. In a two-way ANOVA, the researcher makes decisions regarding ________ null hypotheses.

    three separate

    two separate

    three interdependent

    two interdependent

2.5 points  

Question 12

  1. A
    researcher wants to examine people’s preference for pets by having 10
    people act as “foster owners” for four different types of family pets:
    dogs, cats, birds, and fish. The participants will foster each type of
    pet for one week, and a scale measure will be used to assess preference.
    What research design should be used?

    one-way between-groups ANOVA

    correlation

    one-way within-groups ANOVA

    paired-samples t tests

2.5 points  

Question 13

  1. The F ratio is a ratio of:

    two (or more) sample means.

    two variances.

    sample means divided by sample variances.

    two sum-of-squares estimates.

2.5 points  

Question 14

  1. A post-hoc test is warranted when:

    the F is significant and there are more than two groups.

    we fail to reject the null hypothesis in an ANOVA.

    we reject the null hypothesis when performing an independent-groups t test.

    we have an a priori prediction about which group means will differ.

2.5 points  

Question 15

  1. A hypothesis test with two nominal independent variables and a scale dependent variable is a:

    one-way ANOVA.

    two-way ANOVA.

    two-groups t test.

    two-groups z test.

2.5 points  

Question 16

  1. A within-groups ANOVA is used when we have ________ independent variable(s) with ________ levels.

    1; more than 2

    2; more than 2

    1; less than 2

    2; less than 2

2.5 points  

Question 17

  1. Which degrees of freedom value is unique to the one-way within-groups ANOVA?

    between-groups

    subjects

    within-groups

    total

2.5 points  

Question 18

  1. The Bonferroni, Scheffé, and Tukey are all examples of:

    hypothesis tests.

    post-hoc tests.

    effect size statistics.

    confidence intervals.

2.5 points  

Question 19

  1. In Zinman and Zitzewitz’s (2009) research on snowfall reports, they found the following interaction:

    the amount of snowfall reported by resorts was always exaggerated, but that phenomenon was even greater on the weekends.

    weekday snow reports were less interesting to skiers than weekend reports.

    snowfall reports were more common during weekends than weekdays, but this was even more true when there was fresh snow.

    snowfall
    reports were exaggerated, and this was more pronounced for the weather
    reports provided by radio stations compared to resorts.

2.5 points  

Question 20

  1. A
    researcher is interested in whether circadian rhythms influence
    participants’ performance on different kinds of memory tests. The
    researcher first classifies participants according to whether each is a
    morning person or evening person. The researcher then randomly assigns
    participants to receive either an implicit memory test or an explicit
    memory test. The researcher next tests everyone at 8 A.M. How many cells
    does this study have?

    2

    4

    6

    8

2.5 points  

Question 21

  1. The z, t, and F calculations have something in common: the numerator of the test statistic:

    contains a measure of difference among groups.

    contains a measure of sample variability.

    is a squared number.

    represents what would be expected to happen by chance.

2.5 points  

Question 22

  1. The assumptions for all ANOVAs are the same and include all of the following EXCEPT:

    random selection of participants

    population is normally distributed

    population variances are equal

    participants are all different across conditions

2.5 points  

Question 23

  1. ________ is the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the independent variable.

    t

    Cohen’s d

    R2

    z

2.5 points  

Question 24

  1. According to Cohen’s conventions, an effect size of 0.019 for a one-way within-groups ANOVA is considered to be:

    small.

    medium.

    medium-to-large.

    large.

2.5 points  

Question 25

  1. Forys
    and Dahlquist (2007) investigated the effects of coping style and
    cognitive strategy on dealing with pain. Participants were first
    classified as having a monitoring or avoiding coping style. Participants
    were then randomly assigned to one of two cognitive strategy
    conditions, distraction or sensation monitoring. Participants were next
    instructed to use the cognitive strategy while submerging their hand in
    ice water. The researchers measured pain tolerance as the number of
    seconds participants were able to keep their hand in the ice water. How
    would you label the ANOVA used to analyze this data?

    4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA

    4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

    2 × 2 between-groups ANOVA

    2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

2.5 points  

Question 26

  1. Identify the correct formula for degrees of freedom between-groups:

    Ngroups – 1

    n – 1

    Ntotal – 1

    n – 2

2.5 points  

Question 27

  1. A
    researcher is interested in whether circadian rhythms influence
    participants’ performance on different kinds of memory tests. The
    researcher first classifies participants according to whether each is a
    morning person or an evening person. The researcher then randomly
    assigns participants to receive either an implicit memory test or an
    explicit memory test. The researcher then tests everyone at 8 A.M. How
    would you label the ANOVA used to analyze these data?

    4 × 2 between-groups ANOVA

    4 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

    2 × 2 between-groups ANOVA

    2 × 2 within-groups ANOVA

2.5 points  

Question 28

  1. A measure of the differences among group means is:

    the z score.

    between-groups variance.

    within-groups variance.

    the proportionate reduction in error.

2.5 points  

Question 29

  1. An interaction occurs when:

    the dependent variable does not depend on any of the independent variables.

    two independent variables both influence the dependent variable.

    the effects of one independent variable depend on the level of the other independent variable.

    a single independent variable changes the dependent variable, disregarding all other variables in the study.

2.5 points  

Question 30

  1. F is obtained by dividing ________ by ________.

    SSbetween; dfbetween

    MSbetween; MSwithin

    dfbetween; SSbetween

    SSbetween; SSwithin

2.5 points  

Question 31

  1. In
    addition to assessing whether each independent variable has an effect
    on the dependent variable, a factorial ANOVA also allows you to:

    use multiple dependent measures in a single analysis.

    control
    for a third variable that might be related to the dependent measure,
    prior to investigating the independent variable of interest.

    determine whether the effects of one factor depend on the other factor.

    partition out the variability due to individual differences and the variability due to measurement error.

2.5 points  

Question 32

  1. Heteroscedastic populations are those that:

    have the same variance.

    have homogeneity of means.

    share common means.

    have different variances.

2.5 points  

Question 33

  1. According to Cohen’s conventions, an effect size of 0.29 for a one-way within-groups ANOVA is considered to be:

    small.

    medium.

    medium-to-large.

    large.

2.5 points  

Question 34

  1. An effect size of 0.015 for a two-way ANOVA is considered to be:

    small.

    medium.

    large.

    an error.

2.5 points  

Question 35

  1. If you calculate an F statistic and find that it is negative, then you know that:

    the within-groups variance exceeds the between-groups variance.

    the difference among the group means is greater than what would have occurred by chance.

    you have made a calculation error.

    the difference among the group means is less than what would have occurred by chance.

2.5 points  

Question 36

  1. A
    boarding school (where students live and go to school) wants to find
    out if students’ scores on a Happiness Rating Scale change over the
    course of their first year. To this end, they administer the rating
    scale to students during the first week, and again at the end of the
    school year. Which type of t-test should the school staff use to test
    whether there is a significant change in happiness ratings?

    t-test for independent means

    one-sample (single sample) t-test

    t-test for dependent means

    a combination of all 3.

2.5 points  

Question 37

  1. If
    the results of a two-tailed t-test were to be presented in a research
    article, and there were 25 participants, what is the appropriate number
    in parentheses after the t?

    t(25)

    t(1)

    t(2)

    t(24)

2.5 points  

Question 38

  1. A
    community psychologist observes that children in a certain school tend
    to score lower on standardized math tests than students at other schools
    in the district. He knows that the mean scores of children in the
    district as a whole is 110. Which type of t-test should he use to
    determine whether the scores of the children in the school differ
    significantly from the scores in the school district overall?

    t-test for independent means

    one-sample (single sample) t-test

    t-test for dependent means

    none of the above

2.5 points  

Question 39

  1. A
    psychologist publishes a paper based on a study and states that the
    results are significant at the .05 level. Based on this information,
    which of the following could be the p value of the results of the study?

    .045

    .4

    .104

    .06

2.5 points  

Question 40

A
social psychologist wants to test whether introverts and extroverts
have different numbers of friends on a social networking site. She
administers a personality test and, based on the results, divides the
participants into 2 groups, Introverts and Extroverts. She then surveys
the groups to find out how many friends they have recorded on the social
networking site. Which type of t-test should she use to analyze the
results?

t-test for independent means

one-sample (single sample) t-test

t-test for dependent means

It doesn’t matter, any of them should work.

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