older adult module 8

Module 08 Course Project – Presentation Outline

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Module 08 Content

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Course Competency:

· Identify local, state, and national resources which facilitate safe and effective transitions of care for older adults.

Your supervisor at Rasmussen Home Health Services is satisfied with the resources described in your annotated bibliography and is eager for you to continue your work. As a next step, your supervisor wants you to develop and share the following items with them.

1. Write an introduction about your in-service presentation topic.

1. Create an outline that identifies and describes the important content areas for your in-service presentation topic.

1. Write a conclusion.

1. Provide an APA formatted References list that contains at least 2 credible references that you intend to cite in your presentation.

Tip: For information about creating an outline and writing an introduction or conclusion, consult the resource below.

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What are the essential parts of an introduction?

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What does a “good” outline look like? What does a full-sentence outline look like? How do I create one?

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How do I write a conclusion?

Tip: Once you receive your graded submission, be sure to review the supervisor’s feedback. You want to make sure that your next submission shows that you made appropriate improvements based on the feedback.

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Annotated Bibliography.

Student’s Name

Course

Instructor’s name.

Institutional Affiliation

February 4, 2022.

Annotated Bibliography.

Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Marshall, G. A., & Glymour, M. M. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 32(5), 564-573.

Loneliness is the experience of social deprivation which has been associated with increased functional decline and high mortality in older adults. The purpose of the study was to examine the reciprocal relationship of loneliness and cognitive function in older adults, depression, coping with the social network, and other health-related and demographic factors. The researchers hypothesized that the relationship between loneliness and poor cognition is bi-directional and loneliness causes poor cognition.

Data were obtained from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Adults between 50 and 65 years were included in the study. A sample size of 10,817 was used but 954 participants were excluded because they didn’t meet the inclusion criteria. The study revealed that loneliness and depressive symptoms worsen cognition, however, the low cognitive function doesn’t increase loneliness over time.

Older adults are at high risk for loneliness because of the increased probability of factors like living alone, chronic illnesses, loss of family members, and hearing loss. The study findings show that maintaining satisfactory cognitive functioning is critical for healthy aging. Loneliness and depression increase the risk of cognitive impairment and fast cognitive decline. However, a strong cognitive reserve or resilience can help older adults to reduce the effects of loneliness on health and wellbeing. Loneliness in older adults is also associated with mental health disorders like depression and anxiety.

Sobieraj, D. M., Martinez, B. K., Hernandez, A. V., Coleman, C. I., Ross, J. S., Berg, K. M., … & Baker, W. L. (2019). Adverse effects of pharmacologic treatments of major depression in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(8), 1571-1581.

The purpose of the study was to determine the adverse effects of pharmacologic antidepressants for major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment in adults 65 years of age or older. The researchers conducted a systematic review through a contract with US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The search was conducted through Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central. Older adults aged 65 years and above with MDD were involved in the study.

Based on the study results, treatment of MDD patients aged 65 years or above with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) increases the risk of adverse events. SNRIs and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase the risk of withdrawal due to adverse events. Other treatments like Duloxetine increase the risk of falls. The limitation of this study is the interpretations of study findings based on statistical significance which may miss small differences due to inadequate power.

Depression is a common condition in older adults and it affects them differently than younger people. This is because it goes along with other diseases and disabilities related to old age. Prescription antidepressants cause adverse events because of slower clearance of medication and the possibility of interactions because the older population generally takes more medications. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and SSRIs are the recommended prescription for adults.

References.

Donovan, N. J., Wu, Q., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Marshall, G. A., & Glymour, M. M. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 32(5), 564-573.

Sobieraj, D. M., Martinez, B. K., Hernandez, A. V., Coleman, C. I., Ross, J. S., Berg, K. M., … & Baker, W. L. (2019). Adverse effects of pharmacologic treatments of major depression in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(8), 1571-1581.

Increased Risk of Falls

Everyone strives to feel safe and comfortable in their living surroundings. With age comes the necessity to keep one’s mind at ease while going about one’s everyday tasks. In older individuals, falls are the primary cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries. Because of the increasing incidence of frailty and a limited physiologic reserve among the aging population, fatal falls occur in persons of all ages, but those over 75 experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Falls are the primary cause of injury-related emergency room visits, especially among the elderly. Falls can cause injuries such as hip fractures, brain injuries, and rib fractures. Depression, social isolation, and limitations in their other activities are some of the additional drawbacks. Falls, whether they cause harm, have a significant influence on one’s quality of life, especially for the elderly. As a result of their fear of falling, an increasing number of older adults are limiting their activities and social engagements. Therefore, as nurses, ensure assess fall risks and prevent falls in older adults.

I. Falls are a frequent clinical condition that affects approximately half of all Americans over the age of 65.

A. An older adult is treated in the emergency room after a fall every 11 seconds.

1. Because of the higher incidence of frailty and a limited physiologic reserve among the elderly, falling causes higher rates of morbidity and mortality among individuals over 75.

a. It is typical for elderly adults to have multiple chronic health conditions, as well as a loss of physical strength and bone density. Those are the ones who induce them to fall and easily fracture their bones.

b. Muscle strength, balance, and reaction time all decline as we age which put older adults at a significant risk of falling.

II. There are many risk factors of fall in elderly.

A. Polypharmacy, antipsychotic drugs, visual deficit, and cognitive impairment can cause falls in older adults.

1. Many older adults take multiple drugs daily and receive treatment from different physicians. As well as they tend to take antipsychotic drugs for depression or other mental illnesses.

a. For instance, many elderlies have hypertension, and sometimes they take both diuretics and antihypertensive medication for it. These combined medications may cause severe hypotension and risk for falls.

b. Many older adults must depend on other people with ADLs, lost their loved ones, lonely, and depressed, so they take antipsychotic drugs to minimize these conditions. Antipsychotic medications might cause drowsiness and risk for falls.

III. Nursing management of falls

A. Management of fall is challenge for nurses, but there are several ways to reduce falls.

1. Encourage fall risk clients to wear slip resistant socks or shoes, reinforce to use call light before getting up, rise and reposition slowly, use walker, stay within arm’s reach, use bed alarm or chair alarm, and answer call lights promptly. These interventions produced a 30% reduction in falls in an Australian subacute hospital.

a. Some facilities use video monitor or one to one sitter to prevent falls in high-risk older adults.

b. Wear a high-risk fall bracelet to alert all staffs that the patient requires assistance with ambulation.

c. Keep high fall-risk patients closer to nursing stations so that staffs can get to them faster.

In conclusion, falling is becoming more common among older adults, and it is not a natural part of the aging process. Fall prevention is particularly important in older adults because falls are the leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries in this age group. Because falls in the elderly have such serious effects, it’s vital to watch for signs and symptoms, as well as risk factors. Patients over 65 who have fallen should be thoroughly assessed. By detecting and treating the underlying cause of a fall, patients can regain baseline function and reduce the risk of recurrent falls. These methods help to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with falls.  If left untreated, it can result in serious harm and even death. As competent nurses, we strive to protect our patients from falling and provide them with the highest quality of life possible.

References:

Hoffmann, V. S., Neumann, L., Golgert, S., & von Renteln-Kruse, W. (2015). Pro-active fall-risk

management is mandatory to sustain in hospital-fall prevention in older patients-

validation of the Lucas fall-risk screening in 2,337 patients. The Journal of Nutrition,

Health & Aging, 19(10),1012-1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0662-1

Meiner, S. E. ([Insert Year of Publication]). Gerontologic Nursing (6th Edition). Elsevier Health

Sciences (US). https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/books/9780323498111