Instructions ßYou must read these first.

 

This assignment is divided into sections, each labeled with a major topic.  The questions were written using the key concepts and especially the essential skills from each lecture, so while the questions can be a bit detailed, they are exactly targeted to our course content.

 

I recommend that you start by trying to answer each question without outside resources.  Then, you may consult the text, lecture notes, and other outside resources to complete your answers.  It is essential and required that your answers be your own work and in your own word.  Any diagrams (which are encouraged) need to be your own, just as they would be on an in-class exam.  Do not share you own answers, or use another student’s answers, to complete this exam.  Also, avoid trying to do a sentence-by-sentence paraphrasing of material from an outside source.  If you need to use an outside source, study that source, then put it away, and then write your answer from your own knowledge.

 

You will submit your answer through Turnitin.com.  Of course, Turnitin.com will detect outright cut-and-paste copying, which will be treated as cheating on a major assignment.  I expect (and hope) to see none, or very little of that.  Turnitin.com will also highlight cases in which answers are much too close to an outside source – this occurs when a student attempts to reword sentences from their sources. Because swapping and shuffling words can be done with little of the information being understood, I will omit regions that Turnitin.com marks as having very high similarity to other sources while reading your answers.  I will consider that to be not doing the assignment correctly.  This isn’t something that you have to worry about if you have your outside sources closed while you write your answers.

 

This is not a term paper.  The time required to actually write the exam, not counting time spent on outside resources, should be on the order of what we would spend on an in-class exam (given that you won’t have the added pressure of a timer clicking down towards zero, I’d expect it to take about 90 minutes to write these answers).  The questions almost all ask you to do the same things that the essential skills in lecture told you that you would be expected to be able to do.  The best way to submit your answers is to put them right into this document, just below the matching question.  Both your text and inserted diagrams are very welcome.  There will be a submission link on Canvas for the completed exam.

 

 

 

 

 

Key Concepts:

 

0-1.  _________________ is the genetic material in all living organisms.

 

0-2.  DNA synthesis during DNA replication, like all biological nucleic acid synthesis, is always ____’à____’ on the synthesized strand.

 

0-3. All DNA polymerases require a(n) _______________ (either DNA or RNA) with a _____’-hydroxyl group, and all require single-stranded ________________ to copy.

 

0-4. All living organisms initiate DNA replication at origins, and then replication proceeds _________________ from that origin.

 

0-5.  Replicative DNA polymerases, in addition to their ____’à____’ synthesis activity, have a 3’à5’ _____________ activity that can remove recent synthesis mistakes.

 

0-6.  ___________ are functional sequences within chromosomal dsDNA that direct the synthesis of a product, either an RNA or a protein.

 

0-7.  ________________ is the synthesis of an RNA from a DNA template.

 

0-8.  Transcription, like all biological nucleic acid synthesis, is always ____’à____’ on the synthesized strand.

 

0-9.  Transcription and translation are ____________ in prokaryotes (but not in eukaryotes).

 

0-10.  Eukaryotes have ____ nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different classes of genes -for example,

RNA polymerase _____ transcribes protein-coding genes, along with some types of functional RNAs.

 

0-11.  Translation is the synthesis of a __________ from information in a(n) _________.

 

0-12.  ________ act as adaptors in translation, with one end binding an mRNA codon by complementary base pairing, and the other end delivering the amino acid.

 

0-13. A special tRNA, the _________ tRNA, is required to deliver the first amino acid during translation initiation – this tRNA is unique in that it enters the ribosome at the ____ site.

 

0-14.  ________________________________ attach the amino acid to the 3’-end of the tRNA, and there is one of these

for each ______________.

 

0-15.  Polypeptides and the coding region of genes are colinear – the coding sequence of a gene or mRNA can be read _____à_____ to give the primary sequence of a polypeptide ____à_____.

 

 

 

 

 

Genetics:

 

1-1A.  We are going to analyze the genetics of coat color in using three randomly chosen mice from our colony.

 

Male – has black fur

Female #1 – has brown fur

Female #2 – has brown fur

 

We set up two crosses and get the indicated offspring:

 

Female #1 (brown)  X  Male (black)   à   all offspring have brown fur

 

Female #2 (brown)  X  Male (black)   à   ½ of offspring have brown fur, and ½ of offspring have black fur

 

 

What is the simplest (and the most likely) genetic explanation for these results?

 

àHow many genes appear to be controlling coat color in these crosses? __________________

 

àWhich of the phenotypes is dominant? __________________

 

 

Using capital B and small b as allele symbols, write the genotypes for each of these mice:

 

Male – _________

Female #1 – __________

Female #2 – __________

 

 

1-1B.  A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (they lack skin and hair pigmentation). Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait.

 

Using symbols and terms consistent with Mendelian genetics, what is the genotype of the man in this cross? _________

 

 

Using symbols and terms consistent with Mendelian genetics, what is the genotype of the woman in this cross? _________

 

 

What is the probability that their first child will have normal pigmentation? ____________

 

 

What is the probability that their first child will be a girl with normal pigmentation? ____________

 

 

What is the probability that their first TWO children will be albino? ______________

 

 

1-2.  As a genetic counselor, you routinely advise couples about the possibility of genetic disease in their offspring based on their family histories. This morning you met with an engaged couple, both of whom are phenotypically normal. The man, however, has a brother who died of Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, an X-linked recessive condition that usually results in death before the age of 20. His prospective bride, whose family has no history of the disease, is worried that the couple’s sons or daughters might inherit this muscular dystrophy.

 

àHow would you advise this couple?  What would you tell them about the risk that one of their sons or one of their daughters will inherit this muscular dystrophy?  Be specific.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

àThe sister of this same man described above (remember, his brother had muscular dystrophy) is planning to marry his fiancé’s brother (this brother does not have muscular dystrophy nor any family history of the condition). How would you advise this second couple?  What would you tell them about the risk that one of their sons or one of their daughters will inherit this muscular dystrophy?  Again, be specific.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1-3A.  The pedigree below traces the inheritance of a common, polymorphic trait in humans (hair color, or something else that varies frequently in the population). Individuals with the trait are indicated by filled-in circles or squares.

 

 

Does this trait appear to be autosomal, or does it appear to be X-linked? _____________________

 

Does this trait appear to be dominant, or does it appear to be recessive? _____________________

 

Based on your answers to those two questions, add genotypes to each of the symbols above if you can determine what the genotype is.

 

 

1-3B.  The pedigree that follows is for the human trait called osteopetrosis, which is characterized by bone fragility and dental abscesses.

 

Is the gene that affects bone and tooth structure autosomal or X-linked? _______________________

 

Is this trait dominant or recessive? _________________________

 

On the pedigree, circle or highlight each of the symbols for each of the individuals who you can determine to be carriers (heterozygous) for the gene controlling this trait.

 

DNA Replication

 

2-1.  In your own words, summarize the experiment the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed to show that DNA served as the genetic material in bacteria.  You will need to outline the procedure that they used and the results that they observed.  Be especially clear on the reasoning they used to conclude that DNA, not RNA or protein, served as the genetic material

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-2.  In the 1950’s Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl did an experiment in which they took bacteria that had grown for many generations in medium containing the stable nitrogen isotope ¹⁵N, and transferred them into medium containing only the ¹⁴N isotope of nitrogen.  They purified DNA from these bacteria at time zero (before transfer to ¹⁴N) and after 1 and 2 rounds of DNA replication in ¹⁴N medium.

 

When they analyzed the density of DNA molecules at time zero (before bacterial had been in the ¹⁴N medium), what did they observe?

 

 

 

 

 

 

When they analyzed the density of DNA molecules after one round of DNA replication, what did they observe?

 

 

 

 

 

 

When they analyzed the density of DNA molecules after two rounds of DNA replication, what did they observe?

 

 

 

 

 

 

What was the major conclusion from the Meselson-Stahl experiment?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-3.  Add each of these proteins, correctly labeled, to this replication fork.  Note that the arrowheads in the figure indicate the direction of synthesis.

 

 

I know I’m asking for a 2-deminsional drawing of

a 3-deminsional movie, but do your best

to capture the functions of these components.

DNA helicase

SSB protein

primase

topoisomerase

DNA polymerase I

DNA polymerase III

DNA ligase

 

 

 

Now, label the following-

both 5’ and both 3’ ends of the parent DNA molecule

leading strand

lagging strand

an RNA primer

an Okazaki fragment

 

 

 

 

Transcription:

3-1.  In this question you will summarize the process of transcription initiation as it occurs in E. coli.

 

àDefine “promoter”.  Be clear about what it is and what its function is.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

àDistinguish between the functions of the core of RNA polymerase and of the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

àDescribe the steps in initiation of transcription as in occurs in E. coli.  Be sure to keep the steps in order, and highlight the roles of the promoter and the sigma subunit in your descriptions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3-2.  This diagram shows the structure of a typical protein coding gene in a eukaryote (such as us humans).

 

àOn the gene diagram, clearly label the introns and the exons.  Clearly indicate the start and the end of each exon.  No credit for ambiguous answers.

 

àIn the space below the gene, draw the primary transcript that RNA polymerase II would synthesize (note that +1 marks the transcription start site).

 

àBelow the primary transcript, show and label each step in the processing of the primary transcript to produce the final mRNA.  Be careful to keep your drawing correctly lined-up with the gene above it.  For this diagram, one of the main things I will be looking at is which parts of the gene remain in the final mRNA, and the main way I will judge that is how well lined-up the partially processed RNAs are with the gene.

 

àOn your final mRNA, label the 5’and 3’ ends, the 5’-UTR and the 3’-UTR, and the protein coding sequence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Translation:

 

4-1.  In order for translation to occur, the ribosome must assemble on an mRNA and begin recruiting tRNAs, all before the first peptide bond is formed.  List the steps involved in translation initiation in E. coli, starting with a newly synthesized mRNA, and ending just before the first peptide bond is formed.  Each step can be stated in one sentence, but make an effort to be specific in what is happening.  (For example, you wouldn’t just say a tRNA binds the ribosome – it’s important whether that tRNA binds at the A-site or at the P-site, so include that information.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4-2.  Here is a short region of the DNA for a gene.  This short sequence shows the start codon, which is underlined and bolded.  This is only a short piece near the start of a gene, so the stop codon isn’t included.

 

5’ – . . . A A G C T A T G C A G G C C T C A G C A A C A . . . – 3’

3’ – . . . T T C G A T A C G T C C G G A G T C G T T G T . . . – 5’

 

Write the sequence of the encoded mRNA.  Be sure to label the 5’ and 3’ ends of the mRNA.

 

 

 

Write the sequence of the encoded polypeptide chain.  Be sure to label the amino- and carboxy-ends.

 

 

 

Rewrite (or copy-paste) the DNA sequence I gave you above, but include an example of a synonymous mutation.

 

 

 

 

 

Now, write the sequence of the polypeptide chain encoded by the mutated gene region you just wrote.

 

 

 

Rewrite (or copy-paste) the DNA sequence I gave you above, but include an example of a misense mutation.

 

 

 

 

 

Now, write the sequence of the polypeptide chain encoded by the mutated gene region you just wrote.

 

 

 

Rewrite (or copy-paste) the DNA sequence I gave you above, but include an example of a nonsense mutation.

 

 

 

 

 

Now, write the sequence of the polypeptide chain encoded by the mutated gene region you just wrote.

 

 

 

Rewrite (or copy-paste) the DNA sequence I gave you above, but include an example of a frameshift mutation.

 

 

 

 

 

Now, write the sequence of the polypeptide chain encoded by the mutated gene region you just wrote.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4-3.  To demonstrate an understanding of translation elongation, we’ll start somewhere in the middle of translation of a polypeptide.  At this moment, the entire ribosome (the small and large subunits) is bound to the mRNA, and there is a tRNA bound at the P-site.  Attached to the 3’-end of this tRNA is the start of the polypeptide-

 

Amino-Met-Leu-Ser-Ala-Phe-tRNA

 

At this starting point, there is no other tRNA bound to the ribosome, and the next codon is 5’-UGG-3’

 

When the next tRNA binds to the ribosome, what amino acid will be attached to that tRNA?

 

 

 

And for that next tRNA, write the sequence of the anticodon that is part of that tRNA.

 

5’ – __ __ __ -3’

 

And for that tRNA, at which of the tRNA binding sites on the ribosome will it bind?

 

 

 

At the moment that the ribosome forms the next peptide bond, what will the sequence of the newly extended peptide be?  Use the same format that I used when I gave you the initial peptide sequence, but include the new amino acid in the sequence.

 

 

 

 

 

And at that moment when the ribosome forms the next peptide bond (the one you just showed in the previous part of this question), at which site of the ribosome will the tRNA carrying that peptide be bound?

 

 

 

Eventually, translation will need to end and the completed polypeptide must be released.  Briefly explain how this translation termination occurs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TASK:

Read the scenario below

Provide five tips to the student to help him get back on track

Scenario

Johnny’s largest meal of the day is late in the evening. Twice a week he prepares his own hot dinners at his dorm. The other nights he eats frozen convenience foods, microwave dinners, fast food, or cold sandwiches. His friends have mentioned to him that his eating habits may affect his health, but Johnny has explained that he is an athlete and needs to eat the way he does to have energy to compete at a college level. He has seen no change in his weight over the past few months, either up or down, not even with weight training activities. He has not been to the doctor in a year, but as a student athlete is required to see the doctor once every year, and so he will schedule an appointment in the upcoming weeks in preparation for lacrosse season.

Johnny wants to be the best athlete possible and his friends’ concerns have made him think about his eating habits. He has visited you at the student health center where you are volunteering with the nutrition office as part of your nutrition class. What advice can you give Johnny about sports nutrition and his current eating habits? Please give him at least five tips. Note: Please clearly indicate your tips in your response (if I can’t locate them, I can’t grade them).

Use complete sentences, correct spelling and grammar, and well-written and organized paragraphs. You are required to cite your course resources in these discussions to show how you have applied what you have read. Grades will reflect how well you have followed these guidelines.

write a research paper about all coronaviruses including CoVID-19, or about MERS, or SARS, or H1N1.You choose one of these viruses. You may submit up to two papers for up to 5% extra credit.

The topics should include the following:

viral life cycle

viral infection

viral epidemiology

viral pathogenesis

viral treatment

viral prevention

Comparison between viruses in the same family

Origin of infection of the virus you chose

public figures who tested positive for the virus you chose (live and deceased)

1. • A group of French students plan to visit the United States for two weeks. They are trying to pack appropriate clothing, but are not familiar with Fahrenheit. One student remembers this formula:

     F=95C+32

     where F is the temperature in Fahrenheit and C is the temperature in Celsius. Solve the equation for C.

     Use exact numbers, do not round.

     Enclose numerators and denominators in parentheses. For example, (a−b)/(1+n).

     C=    

   • Recall using the simple interest formula, A=P+Prt, from OCE 3.4. In the formula:
     A=  the full amount paid for the loan P=  the principle or the amount borrowedr=  the interest rate as a decimalt=  time in years
     • A car dealership wants to use the formula to find the rate needed for certain values of the other variables. Solve the formula for r.

       Enclose numerators and denominators in parentheses. For example, (a−b)/(1+n).

       r=

Introduction

While treating the chronically ill, a major challenge is developing a plan of care that addresses the specific needs of a patient and a caregiver. You need to be in close touch with patients and their support group, family and peers, to come up with an ideal plan.

In this course project, you are going to develop a plan of care for a chronic illness group of your choice using the Healthy People 2020 topics. While executing the tasks of this project, remember that while you need to give a general overview of the biomedical considerations of the case, the focus should always be on the psychosocial elements. Your perspective in this care plan should be the patient’s goals rather than those of the medical team.

Each week, you will complete a part of this project, submitting the final project in Week 5.

Identifying a Group

Identify a chronic illness of specific interest to you that is also identified as a Healthy People 2020 topic (healthypeople.gov). In a Microsoft Word document of 4-5 pages formatted in APA style, address the following criteria:

• Identify a chronic illness and rationale for choice.
• Develop a questionnaire by utilizing your knowledge of health and illness, with the aim of acquiring all information you need from patients to prepare a plan of care for the specific illness group.
• Discuss morbidity and comorbidity of the disease.
• Discuss the impact of the chronic illness and patient morbidity on overall health of the nation.
• Incorporate Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives for the specific illness group.

Support your responses with examples and information from library resources, textbook and lectures.

On a separate reference page, cite all sources using APA format. Please note that the title and reference pages should not be included in the total page count of your paper.

• Use this APA Citation Helper as a convenient reference for properly citing resources.
• This handout will provide you the details of formatting your essay using APA style.
• You may create your essay in this APA-formatted template.