Psychology

Chapter 3 BIOPSYCHOLOGY PowerPoint Image Slideshow

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Figure 3.1

 Different brain imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human brain functions. Left to right, PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT sca n (computed tomography), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) are three types of scans. (credit “left”: modification of work by Health and Human Services Department, National Institutes of Health; credit “center”: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons; credit “right”: modification of work by Kim J, Matthews NL, Park S.)

Normal b ood cells

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Figure 3.2

 Normal blood cells travel freely t hrough the blood vessels, while sickle-

shaped cells form blockages preventing blood flow.

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Figure 3.3

(a) In 1859, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection in his book, On the Origin of Species.

(b) The book contains just one illustration: t his diagram that shows how species evolve over time through natural selection.

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Figure 3.4

(a) Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material (DNA) inherited from one’s parents.

(b) Phenotype describes an individual’s observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin color, height, and build. (credit a: modification of work by Caroline Davis; credit b: modification of work by Cory Zanker)

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Figure 3.5

(a) A Punnett square is a tool used to predict how genes will interact in the production of offspring. The capital B represents the dominant allele, and the lowercase b represents the recessive allele. In the example of the cleft chin, where B is cleft chin (dominant allele), wherever a pair contains the dominant allele, B, you can expect a cleft chin phenotype. You can expect a smooth chin phenotype only when there are two copies of the recessive allele, bb.

(b) A cleft chin, shown here, is an inherited trait.

N NN Np

~ z -N -c:: ~ ~ ~

p Np pp

,,

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Figure 3.6

 In this Punnett square, N represents the normal allele, and p represents the

recessive allele that is associated with PKU. If two individuals mate who are

both heterozygous for the allele associated with PKU, their offspring have a

25% chance of expressing the PKU phenotype.

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Figure 3.7

 Nature and nurture work together like complex pieces of a human puzzle. The

interaction of our environment and genes makes us t he individuals we are. (credit

“puzzle”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit “houses”: modification of work by Ben Salter; credit “DNA”: modification of work by NHGRI)

Cell body (soma)

Axon

Cell —-=——:’.””~ membrane

Dendrite

Myelin —­ sheath

Terminal —–t) Jf””‘~ buttons

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Figure 3.8

 This illustration shows a prototypical neuron, which is being myelinated.

Neurotransmitter attached to receptor

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Figure 3.9

(a) The synapse is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

neuron.

(b) In this pseudo-colored image from a scanning electron microscope, a terminal button (green) has

been opened to reveal the synaptic vesicles (orange and blue) inside. Each vesicle contains

about 10,000 neurotransmitter molecules. (credit b: modification of work by Tina Carvalho, NIH-

NIGMS; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

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Figure 3.10

 At resting potential, Na+ (blue pentagons) is more highly concentrated outside the cell in the extracellular fluid (shown in blue), whereas K+ (purple squares) is more highly concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other molecules, such as chloride ions (yellow circles) and negatively charged proteins (brown squares), h elp contribute to a positive net charge in the extracellular fluid and a negative net charge in the intracellular fluid.

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Threshold of excitation

– – – ~ — –

/ Peak action potential

–Repolarization

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Resting potential

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Figure 3.11

 During the action potential, the electrical charge across the membrane

changes dramatically.

Reuptake

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Figure 3.12

 Reuptake involves moving a neurotransmitter from the synapse back into

the axon terminal from which it was released.

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Figure 3.13

 The nervous system is divided into two major parts:

(a) the Central Nervous System and

(b) the Peripheral Nervous System.

Parasympathetic Nervous system

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Figure 3.14

 The sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisions of the

autonomic nervous system have

the opposite effects on various

systems.

Longitudinal fissure

Sulci Gyri

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Figure 3.15

 The surface of the brain is covered with gyri and sulci. A deep sulcus is called

a fissure, s uch as t he longitudinal fissure that divides the brain into left and

right hemispheres. (credit: modification of work by Bruce Blaus)

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Figure 3.16

 (a, b) The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the

brain. (c) A scientist spreads this dissected sheep brain apart to show the

corpus callosum between the hemispheres. (credit c: modification of work

by Aaron Bornstein)

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

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Figure 3.17

 The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Parietal lobe

TemporaJ lobe

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Figure 3.18

 The lobes of the brain are shown.

or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

Figure 3.19

(a) Phineas Gage holds the iron rod that

penetrated his skull

in an 1848

railroad

construction accident.

(b) Gage’s prefrontal cortex was severely

damaged in the left

hemisphere.

The rod

entered Gage’s face on the left side,

passed behind

his eye,

and exited through the

top of his skull,

before landing

about

80

feet aw

ay.

(credit

a:

modification of work by

This Jac

OpenStax k and Bev

ancillary erly

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ilgus) is© Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced

Cerebral cortex

Eyebrows and eyelids

Eyeballs

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Figure 3.20

 Spatial relationships in the body are mirrored in the organization of the

somatosensory cortex.

area

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Figure 3.21

 Damage to either Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area can result in language deficits. The types of deficits are very different, however, depending on

which area is affected.

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Figure 3.22

 The thalamus serves as t he relay center of the brain where most senses are

routed for processing.

Figure 3.23

 The limbic system is involved in mediating emotional response and memory.

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Figure 3.24

 The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are located in the

midbrain.

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Figure 3.25

 The pons, medulla, and cerebellum make up the hindbrain.

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Figure 3.26

 A C T scan can be used to show brain tumors. (a) The image on the left shows a

healthy brain, whereas (b) the image on the right indicates a brain tumor in the

left frontal lobe. (credit a: modification of work by “Aceofhearts1968”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by Roland Schmitt et al)

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Figure 3.27

 A PET scan is helpful for showing

activity i n different parts of the

brain. (credit: Health and Human

Services Department, National

Institutes of Health)

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Figure 3.28

 An fMRI shows activity in the brain

over time. T his image represents a

single frame from an fMRI. (credit:

modification of work by Kim J,

Matthews NL, Park S.)

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Figure 3.29

 Using caps with electrodes, modern EEG research can study the precise

timing of overall brain activities. (credit: SMI Eye Tracking)

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Pituitary gland

Thyroid cartilage o f lhe larynx

Parathyroid glands (on posterior sid~ of thyroid)

Tmchco

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Figure 3.30

 The major glands of the endocrine system are shown.